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Konami’s position as a creator of innovative, visually impressive slot machines and casino games comes after a long, varied history in technology and entertainment. Starting from its simple roots, this Japanese company grew into a multimedia powerhouse with gaming divisions throughout Asia and North America.
Learn how slots and slot machines work on the most basic level, and why winning is so hard. I’m Mark Vincent, a certified slot technician, and my tech4truth. 247 Games offers a full lineup of seasonal Slots games. Click on any of the games below to play directly in your browser. All of our Slots games are 100% free, all day, every day!
Staying true to its slogan of “Born from Fun,” Konami develops and distributes both original creations and games based off of its popular video game licenses.
With a growing online presence and a steadily increasing list of unique slot machine features, Konami is prepared to stay competitive in the modern gaming environment.Free to play Konami slot machinesTop five Konami slot games
Players looking to try out some of Konami’s hottest offerings can keep an eye out for the following games.
No. 1 Dragon’s Law Twin Fever: A fun, Chinese dragon-themed slot machine, featuring fivereels and 30 paylines. This game includes basic action-stacked symbols as well as a free spin bonus round. The titular twin dragons are at the heart of the game. One or two lucky dragons can arrive after any spin to drop additional wild spaces onto the reel for some surprise wins.
No. 2 Solstice Celebration: A cute, wonderfully designed slot game has a theme around the beauty of spring in an enchanted meadow. The five-reel machine features 30 paylines and uses an enhanced version of the action-stacked symbols as a bonus. Called the Sparkle feature, all action-stacked symbols are lined with a bright border. Filling two reels with a full stack of sparkle-lined symbols nudges other partial stacks to fill their reel. It also has the potential to trigger a free spin bonus round.
No. 3 Chili Chili Fire: A five-reel 30 paylines slot has a general Mexican theme. Including action-stacked symbols and the chance to win free games, this machine also uses the Fade Away feature. After any spin, low-paying card symbols have the opportunity to fade away. The newly empty spaces then fill with random higher paying picture symbols, with a chance to turn a disappointing spin into something special.
No. 4 Lion Festival: Boosted Celebration – Inspired by Chinese New Year celebrations, this five-reel slot machine offers players a mix of neat features including a boosted middle reel that has double the symbols to make forming a winning combination that much easier. It includes action-stacked symbols and a free spin bonus round, but the bonus round includes the twist of the Balance of Fortune system. After winning free spins, players can stick with their standard 2x multiplied free spins, or they can trade stacks of five free spins for a “super-free spin” with a much higher multiplier.
No. 5 Castlevania: Labyrinth of Love – Konami has multiple Castlevania themed slots, inspired by its video game franchise of the same name. This five-reel machine includes an expanded free spin mode along with a progressive jackpot tied to the Castlevania game board. Players who trigger the minigame get to pick from different sets of potential moves to try and reach the castle. At that point, the game switches to a flashy battle minigame, where players get to spin a set of reels to try and land on attack symbols that kill enemies while hoping that they avoid the damage symbols that close off the reel. Making it past the bosses can reward the player with one of the four progressive jackpots. Sadly, Castlevania machines are generally not available on a mobile device.Konami mobile slots
While some of Konami’s more advanced machines are sadly still stuck in physical casinos, it has developed mobile versions of many of their classic slots. Players with a mobile device should be able to find free versions of Konami’s online slots available in participating casino apps. Anyone lucky enough to live where real money online slots are legal will also find real mobile versions available.
For unlucky players, Konami does offer a nice middle ground. The My Konami Slots app is available for iOS and Android devices. This app offers several popular slots for free play. Players can collect free chips throughout the day, and the app includes a daily free bonus spin that can award credits. While packages of chips are available for purchase, patient players can stick with the Konami free casino slot games.
The Konami slots app includes linked progressive jackpots and slot tournaments for players looking for high-stakes play. Konami goes back to its video game roots by also offering daily challenges and quests, which reward players for hitting set goals or betting certain amounts. The real hook is that players can win loyalty points that they can spend on prizes and comps at real casinos, similar to Chumba Casino. Players can earn room discounts, credit toward food, tickets to great shows or just themed merchandise. It’s a great way for players to have a little fun between trips.The rise of Konami
Konami began as a jukebox rental and repair company in 1969 based out of Osaka, Japan. The name comes from the first letters of its three original officers, Kagemasa Kozuki, YoshinobuNakama and TatsuoMiyasako. The company’s founder, Kozuki, still sits on the executive board. Konami moved away from its original jukebox focus fairly quickly, transitioning to manufacturing arcade cabinets in 1973 to take advantage of the growing video game market.
Konami would go on to produce its important additions to arcade gaming by developing hits such as the massively popular Frogger in 1981, along with gamer favorites such as Scramble and Super Cobra. The company was able to adapt to the rapidly changing video game market throughout the ’80s and early ’90s, providing titles for the Atari 2600 and the original Nintendo console. Konami adapted and evolved its popular Scramble arcade game into the fan-favorite Gradius for the NES, and also developed popular franchises such as the Castlevania and Metal Gear series.
The video game division continued to grow through the ’90s and 2000s with steady sequels and developments even as the company branched out into the gambling industry. Always looking to maintain synergy between their divisions, many of these great video game properties would be adapted into themed slot machines.
Konami’s casino gaming division began with its entry into the Japanese pachinko machine market in September 1992. After several years, the company opened Konami Australia in late 1996. In 1997, this subsidiary would oversee the rollout of Konami’s expansion into the Australian gaming market and later the general Asian market.
Konami expanded into the American casino gaming market in January 2000. The move into the American market was cemented with the construction of a manufacturing and development office in Las Vegas in 2005. The 360,000-square-foot facility served as its base of operations for expansions through North America, South America and Europe. Building on the success, Konomi opened a second facility in Las Vegas in 2015.Konami’s unique features
While Konami is known for its striking visual design, the company has introduced some software innovations to offer exciting updates to the classic slot machine design. Its development takes full advantage of the ability to modify digital reels before the game or switch symbols after a spin. As a rule of thumb, Konami has focused on enhancing standard slot machine play rather than focusing on adding separate bonus rounds. Konami’s unique twists on the slot machine formula give players a chance to see ordinary spins suddenly change into rich jackpots. Altium inc.The action-stacked symbols feature
Players of Konami slots are almost guaranteed encounter its action-stacked symbols system. This feature creates sections across all the reels in a game that pick one single symbol to stack for that spin. With a little luck, players will see these sets of stacked symbols fill up their paylines for big wins.
Also, many games have separate bonus features that tie into the action-stacked symbols feature. For example, players may see the reels get nudged into higher payouts with the right set of lucky frames.
Other variations on standard play include dynamic reels that can morph after a spin. In certain games, players may see new wild symbols appear to fill out lines, or they may see low-value spaces disappear to make room for big winners.The Balance of Fortune features
That’s not to say that Konami has ignored its bonus games, even if it sticks to traditional free spins and multipliers. When going through Konami’s catalog, players will find innovations such as the Balance of Fortune system. This offers winners a choice in how their bonus game plays out, usually based around a more certain smaller payout versus a riskier shot at a big return.The Mirror Reels bonus feature
The addition of special Mirror reels in bonus rounds also adds a fun change of pace to free spins. Mirror reels are what they sound like, with the two leftmost and rightmost reels mirroring one another, making it easier than ever to get a straight line of five symbols.
Similarly, while many of Konami’s games feature bonus games and special features instead of traditional jackpots, some entries feature progressive jackpot systems.Konami’s progressive jackpot games
Games such as Pirate’s Jackpot and Pharoah’s Wish include stand-alone progressive jackpots. Konami also has machines with community-linked progressive jackpots.
For example, Beat the Field offers players — in a bank of linked machines — each a chance at different progressive jackpots when one player in the bank triggers the special round. Eligible players can win set bonuses or a progressive jackpot based on the results of a simulated horse race.
Machines, such as the new Power Boost Inferno, offer a supreme progressive jackpot that can potentially be linked across multiple participating casinos.
Konami’s recent innovations have also shifted toward more noticeable changes to gameplay. In 2016, the company unveiled the Crystal Cyclone. This upgrade adds a social element to Konami’s older physical machines. The system places a roulette wheel in the center of several linked Konami slot machines.
When triggered, players on the linked machines get to watch bonus balls fall onto the spinning wheel in the center with credits and bonuses applied based on where the balls land.
Finally, Konami’s development comes full circle with the recent development of a partially skill-based Frogger game that provides increased payouts to players who can get their frog farther up the randomly generated arcade game.USED SLOT MACHINES
Used Slot Machines, refurbished slots and video poker machines.
Spring Cleaning Were Offering IGT 17 Inch Gameking 31 Game $799.00 or Video slot Machine
Best Prices Out There. Lots Of Machines In Stock. All Slot Machines Come With A Year Warranty Life Time Tech Support.
All Slot Machines Are Various Colors From Casino
FREE Packing For Any Machine on a pallet or Crating Cost $75.00 to make sure of no damages on your slot machine
IGT Slot Machines, BALLY Slot Machines, WMS WILLIAMS Slot Machines, KONAMI Slot Machine, Aristocrat Slot Machines. Reel Slots, Video Reel, Game King, Barcrest, Slant Top, Vision, Bonus, Trim Line, S2000 +
The slot machines are sold for home use and casino entertainment purpose and for gambling in casino! If you don’t see a slot machine you want please e-mail us as we are constantly updating our slot machine inventory and have over 500 slot machines in stock ! A slot machine or video poker machine will cost about $150.00 to $300.00 to ship it to your door. It will be crated and protected from damage for trucking company pick up.
* Note: – Shipping Charges are Paid Separately to our Shipping Company, who will contact you directly for payment of the shipping charges prior to ship.FEATURED USED SLOT MACHINESSEE OUR FULL INVENTORY OF USED SLOT MACHINES
IGT Slot Machine BALLY Slot Machine WMS WILLIAMS Slot Machine CDS Slot Machine SIGMA Slot Machine KONAMI Slot Machine WMS Gaming Inc. manufacture some of the most popular and innovative Reel and video slot machine tittles in the world. A combination of the newest technologies, reliability and game personality make WMS Gaming a big time player for class 3 casino games. We are pleased to offer these late model WMS games completely Refurbished and at a price that will be very hard to beat. More Bally Proslots are in Stock and will be online soon! With a history dating back nearly 70 years, Bally Gaming Systems is firmly established as a leading supplier of innovative products to the gaming industry. In fact, Bally is one of only a few companies in the world that supplies the entire spectrum of gaming machines and technology, from reel-spinning and video slots to system software and wide-area progressives. IGT (International Game Technology) is the worlds largest supplier/manufacturer of Casino gaming machines. IGT has done for the gaming industry what Microsoft has done for the computer industry. IGT is known internationally for producing (by far) the most slot machine titles and slot machine themes. IGT has been acredited for popular slot machine titles such as “Double Diamonds”, “Red White & Blue”, “Five Times pay” and “Wild Cherry”. They are also known for their licensed or “Systems” games such as “Wheel of Fortune” and the “Mega Bucks”. while Innovations such as the “Game King” platform machines continue to be the most played games on today’s casino floor. IGT machines are extremely reliable in design and make an excellent choice, whether for a real casino or the homeSlot Machine Winners You Tube
© Slot Machines IGT, WMS, WILLIAMS, BALLY, GAME KING, CDS, SIGMA, KONAMI, ATRONIC. All rights reserved.
UsedSlotsMachines.com has no affiliations with WMS Gaming, Williams, IGT, Bally, Sigma, CDS, Atronic or any other trade names or trademarks.
Register here: http://gg.gg/wwzt4
https://diarynote.indered.space
*Slot Machine Winners You Tube
Konami’s position as a creator of innovative, visually impressive slot machines and casino games comes after a long, varied history in technology and entertainment. Starting from its simple roots, this Japanese company grew into a multimedia powerhouse with gaming divisions throughout Asia and North America.
Learn how slots and slot machines work on the most basic level, and why winning is so hard. I’m Mark Vincent, a certified slot technician, and my tech4truth. 247 Games offers a full lineup of seasonal Slots games. Click on any of the games below to play directly in your browser. All of our Slots games are 100% free, all day, every day!
Staying true to its slogan of “Born from Fun,” Konami develops and distributes both original creations and games based off of its popular video game licenses.
With a growing online presence and a steadily increasing list of unique slot machine features, Konami is prepared to stay competitive in the modern gaming environment.Free to play Konami slot machinesTop five Konami slot games
Players looking to try out some of Konami’s hottest offerings can keep an eye out for the following games.
No. 1 Dragon’s Law Twin Fever: A fun, Chinese dragon-themed slot machine, featuring fivereels and 30 paylines. This game includes basic action-stacked symbols as well as a free spin bonus round. The titular twin dragons are at the heart of the game. One or two lucky dragons can arrive after any spin to drop additional wild spaces onto the reel for some surprise wins.
No. 2 Solstice Celebration: A cute, wonderfully designed slot game has a theme around the beauty of spring in an enchanted meadow. The five-reel machine features 30 paylines and uses an enhanced version of the action-stacked symbols as a bonus. Called the Sparkle feature, all action-stacked symbols are lined with a bright border. Filling two reels with a full stack of sparkle-lined symbols nudges other partial stacks to fill their reel. It also has the potential to trigger a free spin bonus round.
No. 3 Chili Chili Fire: A five-reel 30 paylines slot has a general Mexican theme. Including action-stacked symbols and the chance to win free games, this machine also uses the Fade Away feature. After any spin, low-paying card symbols have the opportunity to fade away. The newly empty spaces then fill with random higher paying picture symbols, with a chance to turn a disappointing spin into something special.
No. 4 Lion Festival: Boosted Celebration – Inspired by Chinese New Year celebrations, this five-reel slot machine offers players a mix of neat features including a boosted middle reel that has double the symbols to make forming a winning combination that much easier. It includes action-stacked symbols and a free spin bonus round, but the bonus round includes the twist of the Balance of Fortune system. After winning free spins, players can stick with their standard 2x multiplied free spins, or they can trade stacks of five free spins for a “super-free spin” with a much higher multiplier.
No. 5 Castlevania: Labyrinth of Love – Konami has multiple Castlevania themed slots, inspired by its video game franchise of the same name. This five-reel machine includes an expanded free spin mode along with a progressive jackpot tied to the Castlevania game board. Players who trigger the minigame get to pick from different sets of potential moves to try and reach the castle. At that point, the game switches to a flashy battle minigame, where players get to spin a set of reels to try and land on attack symbols that kill enemies while hoping that they avoid the damage symbols that close off the reel. Making it past the bosses can reward the player with one of the four progressive jackpots. Sadly, Castlevania machines are generally not available on a mobile device.Konami mobile slots
While some of Konami’s more advanced machines are sadly still stuck in physical casinos, it has developed mobile versions of many of their classic slots. Players with a mobile device should be able to find free versions of Konami’s online slots available in participating casino apps. Anyone lucky enough to live where real money online slots are legal will also find real mobile versions available.
For unlucky players, Konami does offer a nice middle ground. The My Konami Slots app is available for iOS and Android devices. This app offers several popular slots for free play. Players can collect free chips throughout the day, and the app includes a daily free bonus spin that can award credits. While packages of chips are available for purchase, patient players can stick with the Konami free casino slot games.
The Konami slots app includes linked progressive jackpots and slot tournaments for players looking for high-stakes play. Konami goes back to its video game roots by also offering daily challenges and quests, which reward players for hitting set goals or betting certain amounts. The real hook is that players can win loyalty points that they can spend on prizes and comps at real casinos, similar to Chumba Casino. Players can earn room discounts, credit toward food, tickets to great shows or just themed merchandise. It’s a great way for players to have a little fun between trips.The rise of Konami
Konami began as a jukebox rental and repair company in 1969 based out of Osaka, Japan. The name comes from the first letters of its three original officers, Kagemasa Kozuki, YoshinobuNakama and TatsuoMiyasako. The company’s founder, Kozuki, still sits on the executive board. Konami moved away from its original jukebox focus fairly quickly, transitioning to manufacturing arcade cabinets in 1973 to take advantage of the growing video game market.
Konami would go on to produce its important additions to arcade gaming by developing hits such as the massively popular Frogger in 1981, along with gamer favorites such as Scramble and Super Cobra. The company was able to adapt to the rapidly changing video game market throughout the ’80s and early ’90s, providing titles for the Atari 2600 and the original Nintendo console. Konami adapted and evolved its popular Scramble arcade game into the fan-favorite Gradius for the NES, and also developed popular franchises such as the Castlevania and Metal Gear series.
The video game division continued to grow through the ’90s and 2000s with steady sequels and developments even as the company branched out into the gambling industry. Always looking to maintain synergy between their divisions, many of these great video game properties would be adapted into themed slot machines.
Konami’s casino gaming division began with its entry into the Japanese pachinko machine market in September 1992. After several years, the company opened Konami Australia in late 1996. In 1997, this subsidiary would oversee the rollout of Konami’s expansion into the Australian gaming market and later the general Asian market.
Konami expanded into the American casino gaming market in January 2000. The move into the American market was cemented with the construction of a manufacturing and development office in Las Vegas in 2005. The 360,000-square-foot facility served as its base of operations for expansions through North America, South America and Europe. Building on the success, Konomi opened a second facility in Las Vegas in 2015.Konami’s unique features
While Konami is known for its striking visual design, the company has introduced some software innovations to offer exciting updates to the classic slot machine design. Its development takes full advantage of the ability to modify digital reels before the game or switch symbols after a spin. As a rule of thumb, Konami has focused on enhancing standard slot machine play rather than focusing on adding separate bonus rounds. Konami’s unique twists on the slot machine formula give players a chance to see ordinary spins suddenly change into rich jackpots. Altium inc.The action-stacked symbols feature
Players of Konami slots are almost guaranteed encounter its action-stacked symbols system. This feature creates sections across all the reels in a game that pick one single symbol to stack for that spin. With a little luck, players will see these sets of stacked symbols fill up their paylines for big wins.
Also, many games have separate bonus features that tie into the action-stacked symbols feature. For example, players may see the reels get nudged into higher payouts with the right set of lucky frames.
Other variations on standard play include dynamic reels that can morph after a spin. In certain games, players may see new wild symbols appear to fill out lines, or they may see low-value spaces disappear to make room for big winners.The Balance of Fortune features
That’s not to say that Konami has ignored its bonus games, even if it sticks to traditional free spins and multipliers. When going through Konami’s catalog, players will find innovations such as the Balance of Fortune system. This offers winners a choice in how their bonus game plays out, usually based around a more certain smaller payout versus a riskier shot at a big return.The Mirror Reels bonus feature
The addition of special Mirror reels in bonus rounds also adds a fun change of pace to free spins. Mirror reels are what they sound like, with the two leftmost and rightmost reels mirroring one another, making it easier than ever to get a straight line of five symbols.
Similarly, while many of Konami’s games feature bonus games and special features instead of traditional jackpots, some entries feature progressive jackpot systems.Konami’s progressive jackpot games
Games such as Pirate’s Jackpot and Pharoah’s Wish include stand-alone progressive jackpots. Konami also has machines with community-linked progressive jackpots.
For example, Beat the Field offers players — in a bank of linked machines — each a chance at different progressive jackpots when one player in the bank triggers the special round. Eligible players can win set bonuses or a progressive jackpot based on the results of a simulated horse race.
Machines, such as the new Power Boost Inferno, offer a supreme progressive jackpot that can potentially be linked across multiple participating casinos.
Konami’s recent innovations have also shifted toward more noticeable changes to gameplay. In 2016, the company unveiled the Crystal Cyclone. This upgrade adds a social element to Konami’s older physical machines. The system places a roulette wheel in the center of several linked Konami slot machines.
When triggered, players on the linked machines get to watch bonus balls fall onto the spinning wheel in the center with credits and bonuses applied based on where the balls land.
Finally, Konami’s development comes full circle with the recent development of a partially skill-based Frogger game that provides increased payouts to players who can get their frog farther up the randomly generated arcade game.USED SLOT MACHINES
Used Slot Machines, refurbished slots and video poker machines.
Spring Cleaning Were Offering IGT 17 Inch Gameking 31 Game $799.00 or Video slot Machine
Best Prices Out There. Lots Of Machines In Stock. All Slot Machines Come With A Year Warranty Life Time Tech Support.
All Slot Machines Are Various Colors From Casino
FREE Packing For Any Machine on a pallet or Crating Cost $75.00 to make sure of no damages on your slot machine
IGT Slot Machines, BALLY Slot Machines, WMS WILLIAMS Slot Machines, KONAMI Slot Machine, Aristocrat Slot Machines. Reel Slots, Video Reel, Game King, Barcrest, Slant Top, Vision, Bonus, Trim Line, S2000 +
The slot machines are sold for home use and casino entertainment purpose and for gambling in casino! If you don’t see a slot machine you want please e-mail us as we are constantly updating our slot machine inventory and have over 500 slot machines in stock ! A slot machine or video poker machine will cost about $150.00 to $300.00 to ship it to your door. It will be crated and protected from damage for trucking company pick up.
* Note: – Shipping Charges are Paid Separately to our Shipping Company, who will contact you directly for payment of the shipping charges prior to ship.FEATURED USED SLOT MACHINESSEE OUR FULL INVENTORY OF USED SLOT MACHINES
IGT Slot Machine BALLY Slot Machine WMS WILLIAMS Slot Machine CDS Slot Machine SIGMA Slot Machine KONAMI Slot Machine WMS Gaming Inc. manufacture some of the most popular and innovative Reel and video slot machine tittles in the world. A combination of the newest technologies, reliability and game personality make WMS Gaming a big time player for class 3 casino games. We are pleased to offer these late model WMS games completely Refurbished and at a price that will be very hard to beat. More Bally Proslots are in Stock and will be online soon! With a history dating back nearly 70 years, Bally Gaming Systems is firmly established as a leading supplier of innovative products to the gaming industry. In fact, Bally is one of only a few companies in the world that supplies the entire spectrum of gaming machines and technology, from reel-spinning and video slots to system software and wide-area progressives. IGT (International Game Technology) is the worlds largest supplier/manufacturer of Casino gaming machines. IGT has done for the gaming industry what Microsoft has done for the computer industry. IGT is known internationally for producing (by far) the most slot machine titles and slot machine themes. IGT has been acredited for popular slot machine titles such as “Double Diamonds”, “Red White & Blue”, “Five Times pay” and “Wild Cherry”. They are also known for their licensed or “Systems” games such as “Wheel of Fortune” and the “Mega Bucks”. while Innovations such as the “Game King” platform machines continue to be the most played games on today’s casino floor. IGT machines are extremely reliable in design and make an excellent choice, whether for a real casino or the homeSlot Machine Winners You Tube
© Slot Machines IGT, WMS, WILLIAMS, BALLY, GAME KING, CDS, SIGMA, KONAMI, ATRONIC. All rights reserved.
UsedSlotsMachines.com has no affiliations with WMS Gaming, Williams, IGT, Bally, Sigma, CDS, Atronic or any other trade names or trademarks.
Register here: http://gg.gg/wwzt4
https://diarynote.indered.space
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H Slot Antenna
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Slot antennas are used typically at frequencies between 300 MHz and 24 GHz. The slot antenna is popular because they can be cut out of whatever surface they are to be mounted on, and have radiation patterns that are roughly omnidirectional (similar to a linear wire antenna, as we’ll see). The polarization of the slot antenna is linear. A slot-antenna design will often require that the slot be cut in something other than an extended flat sheet surface. Whatever the surface, the electric field will be normal every-where except in the region of the slot. The field due to the electric currents on this metal. The slot antenna was designed from the intuition of Babinet’s principle, that a horizontal electric dipole in free space is the dual of a vertical slot and will have the same radiation pattern as. Maci S, Biffi G and Gentli, Dual band slot loaded patch antenna, IEEE proc H Microw antenna propogation (UK), 142 (1995)225. Juhua Liu and Quan Xue, “Broadband long rectangular patch antenna with high gain and vertical polarization”,IEEE Transaction on antenna and propogation, volume 61, number 2 pp. 539-546, Feb 2013.Slot Antenna
Figure 1: The length of a slot determines the resonant frequency, the width of the slit determines the broad bandwidth of the slot radiator.
Figure 1: The length of a slot determines the resonant frequency, the width of the slit determines the broad bandwidth of the slot radiator.Slot Antenna
Slot radiators orslot antennas are antennas that are used in the frequency range from about 300 MHz to 25 GHz. They are often used in navigation radar usually as an array fed by a waveguide. But also older large phased array antennas used the principle because the slot radiators are a very inexpensive way for frequency scanning arrays. Slot antennas are an about λ/2 elongated slot, cut in a conductive plate (Consider an infinite conducting sheet), and excited in the center. This slot behaves according to Babinet’s principle as resonant radiator. Jacques Babinet (1794 - 1872) was a French physicist and mathematician, formulated the theorem that similar diffraction patterns are produced by two complementary screens (Babinet’s principle). This principle relates the radiated fields and impedance of an aperture or slot antenna to that of the field of a dipole antenna. The polarization of a slot antenna is linear. The fields of the slot antenna are almost the same as the dipole antenna, but the field’s components are interchanged: a vertical slot has got an horizontal electric field; and the vertical dipole has got a vertical electrical field.
The impedance of the slot antenna (Zs) is related to the impedance of its complementary dipole antenna (Zd) by the relation: Zd · Zs = η2/4 where Zs = impedance of the slot antenna
Zd = impedance of its dual antenna
η = intrinsic impedance of free space.(1)
It follows for Zs = 485 Ω.
The band width of a narrow rectangular slot is equal to that of the related dipole, and is equal to half the bandwidth of a cylindrical dipole with a diameter equal to the slot width. Figure 2 shows slot antennas different from the rectangular shape that increasing the bandwidth of the slot antenna.
Figure 2: Various broadband slot antenna.
Although the theory requires an infinite spread conductive surface, the deviation from the theoretical value is small when the surface is greater than the square of the wavelength. The feeding of the slot antenna can be done with ordinary two-wire line. The impedance is dependent on the feeding point, as in a dipole. The value of 485 Ω applies only to a feeding point at the center. A shift of the feed point from the center to the edge steadily decreases the impedance.
The application of slot antennas can be versatile. They can replace dipoles e.g. if it is required a polarization perpendicular to the longitudinal extension of the radiator. If a dipole is used for feeding of a parabolic antenna to generate a vertically orientated but horizontally polarized fan beam, then this dipole must be orientated horizontally. This would mean that the edge surfaces of the parabolic reflector will not be sufficiently illuminated, but a lot of energy above and below the reflector would be lost. In addition, the length of the dipole is extended in a plane, in which is demanding a point like source of radiation for the focus of the parabolic reflector. If this dipole is replaced by a slot antenna, in this case don’t appear these disadvantages.Slots in waveguides
Figure 3: Various slot arrangements in a waveguide.
Figure 3: Various slot arrangements in a waveguide.
Slot antennas in waveguides provide an economical way of the design of antenna arrays. The position, shape and orientation of the slots will determine how (or if) they radiate. Figure 3 shows a rectangular waveguide with a drawn with red lines snapshot of the schematic current distribution in the waveguide walls. If slots are cut into the walls, so the current flow is affected more or less depending on the location of the slot. If the slots are sufficiently narrow so the slots B and C (Fig. 3) have little influence on the current distribution. These two slots radiate not (or very little). How to win at slot machines. The slots A and D represent barriers to the current flow. Thus, this current flow acts as an excitation system for the slot, this one acts as radiator. Since the wave in the waveguide moves forward, these drawn lines migrate in the direction of propagation. The slot gets one always alternating voltage potential at its slot edges (depending on the frequency in the waveguide). The power that the slot radiates can be altered by moving the slots closer or farther from the edge. The slots A and D (as drawn in Figure 3) have the strongest coupling to the RF energy transported in the waveguide. In order to reduce this coupling, for example the slot A could be moved closer to one of the shorter waveguide walls. Rotating of the slots would have a the same effect (an angle between the orientations of A and B or C and D). The coupling of this rotated slot ist a factor of about sin2 of the rotating angle θ.Slotted Waveguide Antennas
Figure 4: Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna (The slot radiators are on the wider wall of the rectangular waveguide.)
Figure 4: Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna (The slot radiators are on the wider wall of the rectangular waveguide.)
Several slot radiators in a waveguide form a group antenna. The waveguide is used as the transmission line to feed the elements. In order for radiate in the correct phase, all single slots must be cutted in the distance of the wavelength, that is valid for the interior of the waveguide. This wavelength differs from the wavelength in free space and is a function of the wider side a of a rectangular waveguide. Usually this wavelength is calculated for the TE₁₀ mode by:
a = length of the wider side of the rectangular waveguides
λh = “guided” wavelength (within the waveguide)
λ = wavelength in free space(2)
Altium inc. Figure 5: Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna with rotated slot antennas on the narrower wall.
Figure 5: Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna with rotated slot antennas on the narrower wall.
The wavelength within the waveguide is longer than in free space. The distance of the slot radiators in the group is set at this wavelength to a value that is slightly larger than the wavelength λ in the free space. The number and the size of the sidelobes is affected so unfavorably. The slots are often attached to the left and right eccentrically (with reduced coupling). If mounted on the narrow side of the waveguide, it may happen that the length for the resonant slot radiator is shorter than the wall. In this case, the slot can be also guided around the corners, it then lies also slightly on the A-side of the waveguide. In practice, these slots are all covered with a thin insulating material (for the protection of the interior) of the waveguide. This material may not be hygroscopic and must be protected from weather conditions.H Slot Antenna Receiver
A single narrow slot radiator can also work on frequencies ±5 … ±10% besides its resonance frequency. For array antennas, this is not possible so easily. Such a group antenna is fixed strongly to a single frequency, which is determined by the spacing of exactly λh, and for which the antenna has been optimized. If the frequency is changed, then these distances not correct, the performance of the antenna decreases. The phase difference arising between the antenna elements are added to the whole length of the antenna to values that can no longer be tolerated. This antenna begins to “squint”, that is, the antenna pattern points in a different direction from the optical center axis. This effect can also be exploited to achieve an electronic pivoting of the antenna beam as a function of change of the transmission frequency.H Slot Antenna TunerSponsors:
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Slot antennas are used typically at frequencies between 300 MHz and 24 GHz. The slot antenna is popular because they can be cut out of whatever surface they are to be mounted on, and have radiation patterns that are roughly omnidirectional (similar to a linear wire antenna, as we’ll see). The polarization of the slot antenna is linear. A slot-antenna design will often require that the slot be cut in something other than an extended flat sheet surface. Whatever the surface, the electric field will be normal every-where except in the region of the slot. The field due to the electric currents on this metal. The slot antenna was designed from the intuition of Babinet’s principle, that a horizontal electric dipole in free space is the dual of a vertical slot and will have the same radiation pattern as. Maci S, Biffi G and Gentli, Dual band slot loaded patch antenna, IEEE proc H Microw antenna propogation (UK), 142 (1995)225. Juhua Liu and Quan Xue, “Broadband long rectangular patch antenna with high gain and vertical polarization”,IEEE Transaction on antenna and propogation, volume 61, number 2 pp. 539-546, Feb 2013.Slot Antenna
Figure 1: The length of a slot determines the resonant frequency, the width of the slit determines the broad bandwidth of the slot radiator.
Figure 1: The length of a slot determines the resonant frequency, the width of the slit determines the broad bandwidth of the slot radiator.Slot Antenna
Slot radiators orslot antennas are antennas that are used in the frequency range from about 300 MHz to 25 GHz. They are often used in navigation radar usually as an array fed by a waveguide. But also older large phased array antennas used the principle because the slot radiators are a very inexpensive way for frequency scanning arrays. Slot antennas are an about λ/2 elongated slot, cut in a conductive plate (Consider an infinite conducting sheet), and excited in the center. This slot behaves according to Babinet’s principle as resonant radiator. Jacques Babinet (1794 - 1872) was a French physicist and mathematician, formulated the theorem that similar diffraction patterns are produced by two complementary screens (Babinet’s principle). This principle relates the radiated fields and impedance of an aperture or slot antenna to that of the field of a dipole antenna. The polarization of a slot antenna is linear. The fields of the slot antenna are almost the same as the dipole antenna, but the field’s components are interchanged: a vertical slot has got an horizontal electric field; and the vertical dipole has got a vertical electrical field.
The impedance of the slot antenna (Zs) is related to the impedance of its complementary dipole antenna (Zd) by the relation: Zd · Zs = η2/4 where Zs = impedance of the slot antenna
Zd = impedance of its dual antenna
η = intrinsic impedance of free space.(1)
It follows for Zs = 485 Ω.
The band width of a narrow rectangular slot is equal to that of the related dipole, and is equal to half the bandwidth of a cylindrical dipole with a diameter equal to the slot width. Figure 2 shows slot antennas different from the rectangular shape that increasing the bandwidth of the slot antenna.
Figure 2: Various broadband slot antenna.
Although the theory requires an infinite spread conductive surface, the deviation from the theoretical value is small when the surface is greater than the square of the wavelength. The feeding of the slot antenna can be done with ordinary two-wire line. The impedance is dependent on the feeding point, as in a dipole. The value of 485 Ω applies only to a feeding point at the center. A shift of the feed point from the center to the edge steadily decreases the impedance.
The application of slot antennas can be versatile. They can replace dipoles e.g. if it is required a polarization perpendicular to the longitudinal extension of the radiator. If a dipole is used for feeding of a parabolic antenna to generate a vertically orientated but horizontally polarized fan beam, then this dipole must be orientated horizontally. This would mean that the edge surfaces of the parabolic reflector will not be sufficiently illuminated, but a lot of energy above and below the reflector would be lost. In addition, the length of the dipole is extended in a plane, in which is demanding a point like source of radiation for the focus of the parabolic reflector. If this dipole is replaced by a slot antenna, in this case don’t appear these disadvantages.Slots in waveguides
Figure 3: Various slot arrangements in a waveguide.
Figure 3: Various slot arrangements in a waveguide.
Slot antennas in waveguides provide an economical way of the design of antenna arrays. The position, shape and orientation of the slots will determine how (or if) they radiate. Figure 3 shows a rectangular waveguide with a drawn with red lines snapshot of the schematic current distribution in the waveguide walls. If slots are cut into the walls, so the current flow is affected more or less depending on the location of the slot. If the slots are sufficiently narrow so the slots B and C (Fig. 3) have little influence on the current distribution. These two slots radiate not (or very little). How to win at slot machines. The slots A and D represent barriers to the current flow. Thus, this current flow acts as an excitation system for the slot, this one acts as radiator. Since the wave in the waveguide moves forward, these drawn lines migrate in the direction of propagation. The slot gets one always alternating voltage potential at its slot edges (depending on the frequency in the waveguide). The power that the slot radiates can be altered by moving the slots closer or farther from the edge. The slots A and D (as drawn in Figure 3) have the strongest coupling to the RF energy transported in the waveguide. In order to reduce this coupling, for example the slot A could be moved closer to one of the shorter waveguide walls. Rotating of the slots would have a the same effect (an angle between the orientations of A and B or C and D). The coupling of this rotated slot ist a factor of about sin2 of the rotating angle θ.Slotted Waveguide Antennas
Figure 4: Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna (The slot radiators are on the wider wall of the rectangular waveguide.)
Figure 4: Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna (The slot radiators are on the wider wall of the rectangular waveguide.)
Several slot radiators in a waveguide form a group antenna. The waveguide is used as the transmission line to feed the elements. In order for radiate in the correct phase, all single slots must be cutted in the distance of the wavelength, that is valid for the interior of the waveguide. This wavelength differs from the wavelength in free space and is a function of the wider side a of a rectangular waveguide. Usually this wavelength is calculated for the TE₁₀ mode by:
a = length of the wider side of the rectangular waveguides
λh = “guided” wavelength (within the waveguide)
λ = wavelength in free space(2)
Altium inc. Figure 5: Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna with rotated slot antennas on the narrower wall.
Figure 5: Basic geometry of a slotted waveguide antenna with rotated slot antennas on the narrower wall.
The wavelength within the waveguide is longer than in free space. The distance of the slot radiators in the group is set at this wavelength to a value that is slightly larger than the wavelength λ in the free space. The number and the size of the sidelobes is affected so unfavorably. The slots are often attached to the left and right eccentrically (with reduced coupling). If mounted on the narrow side of the waveguide, it may happen that the length for the resonant slot radiator is shorter than the wall. In this case, the slot can be also guided around the corners, it then lies also slightly on the A-side of the waveguide. In practice, these slots are all covered with a thin insulating material (for the protection of the interior) of the waveguide. This material may not be hygroscopic and must be protected from weather conditions.H Slot Antenna Receiver
A single narrow slot radiator can also work on frequencies ±5 … ±10% besides its resonance frequency. For array antennas, this is not possible so easily. Such a group antenna is fixed strongly to a single frequency, which is determined by the spacing of exactly λh, and for which the antenna has been optimized. If the frequency is changed, then these distances not correct, the performance of the antenna decreases. The phase difference arising between the antenna elements are added to the whole length of the antenna to values that can no longer be tolerated. This antenna begins to “squint”, that is, the antenna pattern points in a different direction from the optical center axis. This effect can also be exploited to achieve an electronic pivoting of the antenna beam as a function of change of the transmission frequency.H Slot Antenna TunerSponsors:
Register here: http://gg.gg/wwzrm
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2021年11月17日Register here: http://gg.gg/wwzmv
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p 920.457.6690
Contact us!Z Spot to Be!
Z Spot is more than just a coffee shop, serving everything BUT your average cup of Joe! Come as one, or come as all, but find yourself here enjoying our wide selection of espresso drinks, smoothies, homemade soups, sandwiches & bakery items.
Whether to sip the day away or drive thru when you’re on your way, Z Spot is the spot to be. Gather with friends to chat or catch great music, or find a quiet moment to think, read, or surf the net–you can do it all, or absolutely nothing at Z Spot.Hey, there’s more to Z Spot than just great espresso!Try our tasty Hot Ham Sandwich, featuring Miesfeld’s smoked ham on a Sheboygan hardroll! Includes swiss cheese, drizzled olive oil & Italian seasonings. Oatmeal from Umpqua Oats is truly the nutritious, delicious and fast breakfast choice. A natural product for people on the go.It’s the Z Spot travel mug! Wherever you go, there you are.. and we’ll be there, too! This dishwasher and microwaveable mug is the perfect accessory to, well, everything or purchase one of our Z Spot ceramic diner mugs. FREE Wi-Fi at Z Spot every day. All we ask is that you purchase a product and enjoy your stay.
home | menu | happenings | amenities | z-stuff | contact us
©2020 Z Spot
*Z Spot Sheboygan Wi
*Z Spot Sheboygan Wisconsin
*Z Spot Sheboygan Wi
*Find 1 listings related to Zspot in Sheboygan on YP.com. See reviews, photos, directions, phone numbers and more for Zspot locations in Sheboygan, WI.
*Located in Sheboygan, Sheboygan. Serves Coffee and Tea.
Find Z-Spot Espresso and Coffee in Sheboygan with Address, Phone number from Yahoo US Local. Includes Z-Spot Espresso and Coffee Reviews, maps & directions to Z-Spot Espresso and Coffee in Sheboygan and more from Yahoo US Local.To Save Lives and Change Lives
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The 4th Annual Walk for Responsible Driving V slot dimensions.
Sheboygan, WI
September 7, 2019
10:00am at 833 Broughton Drive, SheboyganABOUT USDriveSafeWisconsin seeks to raise awareness for safe driving. My whole life I never really concerned myself with the importance of safe driving until my life changed in 2016. I witnessed a terrible accident, where a 3 year old girl died. A man driving 100 mph lost control and crashed his car. Inside the car were his girlfriends 4 year old son and 3 year old daughter. The children were in the backseats with no seatbelts or car seats. The driver was drunk, high, and didn’t have a license. The children flew out of the windows as the car rolled multiple times. The 3 year old girl died in front of my eyes and I decided that day that I wasn’t going to stand around anymore. I was going to try to create change. OUR VISIONZ Spot Sheboygan Wi
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Michael Thomas
920-287-9768
mikethomas@drivesafewisconsin.comZ Spot Sheboygan Wisconsin
Since 2016 we have led a walk for responsible driving. In 2019 we will have our 4th annual walk. September 7th, 2019. Its our desire to see people in multiple cities throughout the state of Wisconsin, walking together and united for our cause.Z Spot Sheboygan Wi
Part of raising awareness is engaging the community. For years we have partnered with churches, police departments, schools, and multiple businesses. We want all to show their heart for safe driving.
Register here: http://gg.gg/wwzmv
https://diarynote-jp.indered.space
M-SAT: 6:30AM-4PM
SUN: CLOSED
1024 on INDIANA
SHEBOYGAN, WI
p 920.457.6690
Contact us!Z Spot to Be!
Z Spot is more than just a coffee shop, serving everything BUT your average cup of Joe! Come as one, or come as all, but find yourself here enjoying our wide selection of espresso drinks, smoothies, homemade soups, sandwiches & bakery items.
Whether to sip the day away or drive thru when you’re on your way, Z Spot is the spot to be. Gather with friends to chat or catch great music, or find a quiet moment to think, read, or surf the net–you can do it all, or absolutely nothing at Z Spot.Hey, there’s more to Z Spot than just great espresso!Try our tasty Hot Ham Sandwich, featuring Miesfeld’s smoked ham on a Sheboygan hardroll! Includes swiss cheese, drizzled olive oil & Italian seasonings. Oatmeal from Umpqua Oats is truly the nutritious, delicious and fast breakfast choice. A natural product for people on the go.It’s the Z Spot travel mug! Wherever you go, there you are.. and we’ll be there, too! This dishwasher and microwaveable mug is the perfect accessory to, well, everything or purchase one of our Z Spot ceramic diner mugs. FREE Wi-Fi at Z Spot every day. All we ask is that you purchase a product and enjoy your stay.
home | menu | happenings | amenities | z-stuff | contact us
©2020 Z Spot
*Z Spot Sheboygan Wi
*Z Spot Sheboygan Wisconsin
*Z Spot Sheboygan Wi
*Find 1 listings related to Zspot in Sheboygan on YP.com. See reviews, photos, directions, phone numbers and more for Zspot locations in Sheboygan, WI.
*Located in Sheboygan, Sheboygan. Serves Coffee and Tea.
Find Z-Spot Espresso and Coffee in Sheboygan with Address, Phone number from Yahoo US Local. Includes Z-Spot Espresso and Coffee Reviews, maps & directions to Z-Spot Espresso and Coffee in Sheboygan and more from Yahoo US Local.To Save Lives and Change Lives
City of Sheboygan, Sheboygan Police Department, Sheboygan Sheriff Department, Tom’s Drive In, Randall’s, Ella’s Della, Above and Beyond, House of Saints Church, Sheboygan Department of Public Works, Flooring Studio, Victorian Chocolate Shoppe, El Camino, Greece e Spoon, Peabody’s Pizza Company, 8th St. Ale House, Legend Larry’s, Faye’s Pizza, Parker John’s BBQ & Pizza, Dick Brantmeier Ford(Sheboygan), Harry’s Diner, The Z Spot, Buffalo Wild Wings, Olivu, Lakeshore Lanes, Fast Track, Bourbon St. Pub & Grill, Marcos Pizza, Umi Sushi & Steak House, Moxie Hair Lounge, George Michael’s, Pho VN, Rupp’s
The 4th Annual Walk for Responsible Driving V slot dimensions.
Sheboygan, WI
September 7, 2019
10:00am at 833 Broughton Drive, SheboyganABOUT USDriveSafeWisconsin seeks to raise awareness for safe driving. My whole life I never really concerned myself with the importance of safe driving until my life changed in 2016. I witnessed a terrible accident, where a 3 year old girl died. A man driving 100 mph lost control and crashed his car. Inside the car were his girlfriends 4 year old son and 3 year old daughter. The children were in the backseats with no seatbelts or car seats. The driver was drunk, high, and didn’t have a license. The children flew out of the windows as the car rolled multiple times. The 3 year old girl died in front of my eyes and I decided that day that I wasn’t going to stand around anymore. I was going to try to create change. OUR VISIONZ Spot Sheboygan Wi
Our vision is to raise awareness for safe and responsible driving. We work to see people be conscientious while driving so that accidents can be prevented. We’ve seen many people over the years join our fight, but we’re just beginning. In time, we plan to have multiple cities throughout the state of Wisconsin walking united for safe and responsible driving. We visit schools and teach kids the value of being cautious and encouraging their parents to be cautious while driving.
Michael Thomas
920-287-9768
mikethomas@drivesafewisconsin.comZ Spot Sheboygan Wisconsin
Since 2016 we have led a walk for responsible driving. In 2019 we will have our 4th annual walk. September 7th, 2019. Its our desire to see people in multiple cities throughout the state of Wisconsin, walking together and united for our cause.Z Spot Sheboygan Wi
Part of raising awareness is engaging the community. For years we have partnered with churches, police departments, schools, and multiple businesses. We want all to show their heart for safe driving.
Register here: http://gg.gg/wwzmv
https://diarynote-jp.indered.space
Occasional Judge
2021年11月17日Register here: http://gg.gg/wwzf2
September 7, 2017:
*Occasional Judgement
*Occasions Jugand Cevins
*Occasion Jugand 4x4 Cevins
Several years ago when he was president of the Indiana State Bar Association, Erik Chickedantz started an effort to improve lawyer “wellness” in Indiana. At the time, your faithful webmaster thought this was a bit much. We hear about the importance of eating right, exercising, etc. from our doctors, the media, and everywhere. Certainly, I thought, we don’t need to hear it from the ISBA as well.
Trump judges have been put in place specifically to thwart a Democratic agenda. Any talk or hope that the courts will be partners in the restoration of the rule of law is folly. Two years ago, if you had called me “judgemental” (and I’m certain some did), I would have firmly disagreed. I thought, All of us judge and I believe that I judge fairly so what could possibly be wrong with that? Back then, I knew for a fact that I was very good at being a mom– people e.
Synonyms for occasional in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for occasional. 25 synonyms for occasional: infrequent, odd, rare, casual, irregular, sporadic, intermittent, few. BOSSIER CITY, La. A group of family, supporters, and elected officials gathered on Friday for the swearing in of Bossier City Judge Santi Parks. Parks was elected Nov. 3 and will be the sixth. Occasional bending, stooping, crawling, kneeling, sitting, squatting and repetitive foot/leg and hand/arm movements. Occasional use of vision to judge distances and spatial relationships. Occasional lifting/carrying and pushing/pulling objects weighing 25-50 lbs. Occasional lifting/moving patients. Occasional use of smell to detect/recognize odors.
Well, I have concluded I was wrong. We lawyers do a terrible job of taking care of ourselves. Lawyers, judges, and law students are much more likely to self-medicate (and abuse) alcohol. We live in our offices and very few of us get exercise at levels we really need. We are more likely to suffer from depression and stress disorders than the general population.
As I see it, even a life that is longer due to good eating and exercise habits is still too short to be unhappy. We certainly ought not be doing anything to shorten it and end up with the fate of some of our colleagues. Just in recent memory we’ve lost two colleagues—Jeff Jankowski and Ken Sheetz—to heart attacks. More seasoned lawyers will remember that Ken Wilber took his own life less than two decades ago.
There are resources out there who can provide help. The Judges and Lawyers Assistance Program is one. By law, it is confidential. The fact its offices are in Indianapolis doesn’t matter. JLAP can refer you to local resources.
The New York Times has a whole section it calls Smarter Living with practical, bite-sized articles on strategies for physical health, mental health, and maybe even how to quickly untangle holiday lights.
Give meditation a try. If you think that’s too “woo” for lawyers, you should know that U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer meditates in chambers after oral arguments. His form is just shutting the door for about 20 minutes while he sits quietly with his eyes closed.
At this year’s Local Practice Seminar, Loretta Olesky from JLAP will offer a session to tell you what all JLAP does, and perhaps more importantly what you can do when it appears a colleague needs help.
Please don’t wait for January 1, 2018 to decide to start taking better care of yourself (and watching out for each other). Start now. Your family, your friends, and your colleagues deserve nothing less.
August 7, 2017:
What happened to the President’s Blog? Well, truth be told, blogging isn’t for everyone. And life sometimes gets in the way (in the best way possible, right Victoria Wolf?). So, rather than use this space as a spot for the SJCBA President to blog (although David Pruitt is certainly encouraged to do so!), your faithful web master has opted to convert this into the SJCBA Occasional. Meaning, we will occasionally post items here that are of interest, but not necessarily worthy of appearing the newsletter or in an email to members.
As an example, here is the follow-up to the May 20, 2016 post from Bill Wilson. In that post, he asked about a young lady who appeared in the 1922 composite bar association photo. Maxine E. Ryer, as it turns out, was the first woman to practice law in St. Joseph County and was the first woman to graduate from the Notre Dame Law School. We know from an archived copy of the South Bend News-Times that Ms. Ryer graduated from high school in South Bend in 1916. (The headline from that issue: “One American and Two Mexicans Killed in Battle”…other news worthy of the front page: “Ex-Wife Sues Her Ex-Husband For Babies’ Support.”)
Tragedy visited Ms. Ryer just two years after she appeared in the composite photo. A blurb appears in a publication from the University of Michigan Law School: “Frank H. Dunnahoo was killed in an automobile accident on September 15th, 1924, in South Bend, Ind., where he was born, and where, immediately after graduation from Law School, he established himself in practice. He served for two terms as City Attorney of South Bend. In 1922 he formed a law partnership with Maxine E. Ryer, a young talented woman lawyer of said city, whom, a year later, he married and who survives him. He is said to have been ‘one of the best lawyers South Bend has produced or known.’”
June 30, 2016:
My time as the president of your Bar Association is ticking down with roughly thirteen hours and thirty-five minutes to go. I wouldn’t be myself if I didn’t take a moment to compose some closing thoughts.
First, again, thank you for this privilege. While the job is not always easy, it more than makes up for any difficulties by being extremely rewarding.
Second, please give Victoria Wolf all the support you gave to me. While she may not need the help, she and her husband are expecting their first child in September. Any help you can give her is certainly going to be appreciated.
Third, think about one thing you could do for the Bar Association that wouldn’t be too demanding or time consuming. If everyone could find ten minutes a month—less than .2 billable hours!—they could spend doing something for the SJCBA, we would knock the socks off of every bar association in the state. Contact the SJCBA and offer your time.
Finally, for some reason I was thinking about advice I’d like to share with my son when I had an idea that should be shared widely. Find something you can do that others will enjoy. Maybe it’s writing short stories. Perhaps it’s taking photographs. We all have some kind of creative talent that we can use for the benefit of others. When we do so, the rewards we receive are very satisfying. You don’t need to be a Picasso or a Mozart. But if you can create enjoyment for others, you will experience joy yourself.
That’s it. Here’s to a new administration and great things ahead!
Bill Wilson
May 20, 2016:
Does anyone know who this is? Obviously, her name is Maxine E. Ryer. Her photo appears in the 1922 composite of the St. Joseph County Bar Association. It’s safe to say she was one of the first women members of the SJCBA. She might have even been the very first. Out of all the photos in the 1922 composite, Ms. Ryer is the only woman. I happen to pass by her photo at least twice a day, and I often wonder what her life must have been like. What challenges did she face from her colleagues, and did they even consider her a colleague? Heck, in 1922 Ms. Ryer had enjoyed the constitutional right to vote for only two years. She had to be a trailblazer.
Unfortunately, a Google search turns up nothing on Ms. Ryer. Perhaps someday we will find out more about her story.
May 16, 2016:
This morning has me thinking about wellness. In recent years we’ve lost a number of our colleagues well before their time. Looking around at our members, I see some who are doing what needs to be done for their physical health, but too many of us aren’t. We all have demands on our time—which means we skip exercise and eat fast food too often. The problem is, those behaviors take a toll on us. We end up with high blood pressure, high cholesterol and triglycerides, and insulin resistance or diabetes.
There’s one thing you can do that can make a huge, HUGE positive impact. Take ten minutes and watch Dr. Mike Evans explain it for you. Follow his prescription. Your friends, family, clients, and colleagues will thank you.
May 12, 2016:
Fifty days to go…not that anyone is counting.
On June 30, 2016 I will serve my last day as the SJCBA President. Looking back, I’m proud that we have accomplished a major task in our strategic planning session. At the same time, I feel regret that we didn’t accomplish more during my term. I can’t say specifically what should have been accomplished, but that feeling persists.
Since there are still 50 days left, though, I hope to use them to urge you to move from being a passive member to an active member. I know as well as anyone that we are all extremely busy—both during and after work hours. That doesn’t mean you can’t be an active member, however. There are plenty of opportunities that don’t require a lot of time. For example, if you can think of an idea for a CLE program send it in. If you found a great resource on the Internet that would be helpful to lawyers, let us know so we can link to it from our site. If you have a checklist you’d be willing to share with your colleagues, get it to us so we can publish it here. Even something as simple as “Tuttle’s Tips to Tick Off the Judge” can be very helpful to newer lawyers.
Heck, even if you can say, “I’d like to help; what can I do?” it would be a terrific contribution to your association. We can find big or small tasks that can fit your availability.
To paraphrase a great orator, don’t ask what the SJCBA can do for you, ask what you can do for the SJCBA. You’ll be glad you did.
May 2, 2016:
Yes, with just under two months to go in my term as your association’s president, I finally launched a blog. This might (and should) turn out to be a good way to keep everyone informed on topics that don’t always make it into the newsletter. Please note that the observations and comments here are solely my own and not the official policy of the bar association. There could be times I dissent from the official policy, I suppose. So, without further ado, I begin.Survey says…
F4 racing usa. We had a remarkable response rate to the survey conducted by the American Bar Association. Oddly, the largest demographic represented by survey participants was lawyers age 50 and over. While that might skew the results somewhat, the information we received was invaluable. Indeed, we had our ABA-led strategic planning session on Friday, April 29 and the survey results were very helpful. (More about the strategic planning in a future post.)Occasional Judgement
Within the survey there were indicators of some urban legends and misunderstandings. I’d like to try to clear some of them up.
*A number of members perceive that bar leaders are part of a clique that rotates people through leadership positions. Our treasurer’s “lifetime appointment” is one example, and other long term board members is another. Let’s take each topic in turn.
*Historically, the treasurer has been an office occupied by one person while the other association officers come and go. Robert Parker held this position for decades until Mitch Heppenheimer took it over most recently. Believe it or not, Mitch is stepping down as Treasurer on June 30 in light of his upcoming year of service as the Indiana State Bar Association’s president. Mario Zappia will serve as the new treasurer. Why keep one person in the same role for so long? For one, few people want to take on the responsibility of signing hundreds of checks each year and preparing financial reports. The position might require up to five or more hours per week; the treasurer is the real workhorse of the board of governors. In addition, having a long term treasurer helps maintain some institutional knowledge among the officers.
*Our bylaws provide for a number of “ex officio” members of the board. I’ve never liked the term “ex officio” because it suggests that the person is on the board by virtue of an office he or she holds. A better term is non-voting member. The bylaws say that the board can appoint two non-voting members; another non-voting member is selected by the board from the pro bono programs; the final non-voting member(s) chair the new lawyers committee. Judge Michael G. Gotsch, Jr. and Mario J. Zappia have served in these non-voting positions because of their long involvement with the bar association. They represent a great deal of historic knowledge and offer perspectives that help keep the voting members of the board from repeating historic mistakes. With Mario Zappia moving into the treasurer’s role, Mitch Heppenheimer will move to the vacant non-voting member seat.
*So, in short, it’s fair to say that a number of people always seem to be involved in bar association leadership, and that they happen to have a bit higher profile. Over the ten years or so I’ve been on the board, I’ve served with a number of other board members who have come and gone. Those members sometimes rotate out of the positions or move into officer positions (where they eventually end up leaving the board after serving as immediate past president).
*I would hope that all of our members feel welcome getting involved. Like any association, new blood at any level is healthy for the group. Our bar association has a number of committees (which we really should call sections) that contribute. Some are more active than others, but they should all be quite active—and they probably would be if people came forward to help. Of course, time is a precious commodity for all of us. As part of our strategic planning, we’re exploring how we can create opportunities for members to “micro volunteer” on short tasks. As Magistrate Judge Christopher Neuchterlein likes to say, many hands make for light work. Ideally, our committees should be the breeding ground for future bar officers and leaders. We will look to those groups in the years ahead to groom lawyers to take on other leadership roles.
*There is a lot more to say about the survey results, and in the near future I will present an executive summary of the results. Thank you to all who participated—and congratulations to David Keckley on winning the $100 gift card!Strategery for the future
In 2015, the board of governors voted to create a strategic plan so we would develop and have a road map for the association’s future. The survey was the first big step. The second big step took place on April 29. Karyn Linn, of the ABA’s Bar Services Division, led your board and some other association members through a full day of thinking. Tim Curran, Angelika Mueller, Greta Lewis, Danielle Campbell, Libby Klesmith, Nick Derda, Mike Gotsch, David Pruitt, Joe Fullenkamp, Angela Hall, Stephanie Steele, Amy McGuire, Rich Urda, Victoria Wolf, Aladean DeRose and I weren’t quite locked in the room together all day, but it was close. We asked hard questions: What should the bar association look like in three years? What are the priorities to get us there? What tools will we use to advance those priorities? Of course, asking the hard questions is actually quite easy. It’s the answering that takes hard work. We brainstormed, debated, had a few realizations, and put together the foundation for moving forward. Everyone left mentally tired but enthusiastic about the next steps.
After we get our report back from Karyn Linn, I’ll be happy to unveil it. I will also be happy to have volunteers to work on the next steps. Regardless of your level of involvement in the past, your participation will be most welcome. Indeed, having the perspective of people who haven’t historically been deeply involved is very important. If you’ve been looking for a way to contribute to your association, here’s your chance.A final note
By now I’m sure you heard the horrible, tragic news from last Thursday, April 28. Judge Hostetler’s elderly parents were both killed in an automobile accident in Kokomo. As I have said before, losing a parent is a tough rite of passage no matter what the circumstances are. Losing both parents in such a sudden and shocking way is all but incomprehensible to most of us. I know you will join with me in offering Judge Hostetler and his family your support, thoughts, and prayers in the weeks and months ahead.
Your obedient servant,Occasions Jugand Cevins
Bill Wilson, PresidentOccasion Jugand 4x4 Cevins
Two years ago, if you had called me “judgemental” (and I’m certain some did), I would have firmly disagreed. I thought, All of us judge and I believe that I judge fairly so what could possibly be wrong with that?
Back then, I knew for a fact that I was very good at being a mom– people even told me so, confirming this “fact.” My kids were doing well in school, excelling in extracurricular activities, making friends, and my relationship with both of my daughters was good. My husband and I took our girls camping, skiing, and traveling. I managed to fit in my work hours while they were at school and was otherwise there to pick them up from school, take them places, drive for an occasional field trip, and help them out with whatever came up. As for those other moms, whose children were struggling? I thought, They clearly aren’t doing this “mom thing” as well as me. I had no idea how harmful my inner judge was.
When my own daughter started struggling however, the harsh voice of my inner judge turned on me and said, YOU don’t know what you’re doing. YOU are not a good mom. I was filled with self-doubt and self-judgement. Instead of the judge patting me on the back, it was beating me down. It berated me further for having judged others so wrongly. The judge had me pinned to the floor and the only way out was to look it in the eye. I had to face this dark inner character and acknowledge it for what it was… a liar. It was a lie that I was a bad mom and it was equally a lie that I was a perfect mom. The truth is somewhere in the middle– I’m a good mom and I’m doing the best I can with the tools I have. After two years of intensive personal growth, I have acquired a lot more tools. I am more aware of my inner judge and have started to recognize and intercept the destructive lies it tells me.
Still, the judge sneaks up on me regularly- especially when I challenge myself to go out of my comfort zone and try something new. It tells me that I don’t know enough, I’m not experienced enough, I’m not an expert enough, etc. It tells me that it would be safer and easier to just quit and stay small. Sometimes the judge shows up momentarily and other times longer. Sometimes I can identify the lie on my own and other times I need to ask my husband or my mom. The judge still lurks in the wings, but it’s no longer my puppet
https://diarynote-jp.indered.space
September 7, 2017:
*Occasional Judgement
*Occasions Jugand Cevins
*Occasion Jugand 4x4 Cevins
Several years ago when he was president of the Indiana State Bar Association, Erik Chickedantz started an effort to improve lawyer “wellness” in Indiana. At the time, your faithful webmaster thought this was a bit much. We hear about the importance of eating right, exercising, etc. from our doctors, the media, and everywhere. Certainly, I thought, we don’t need to hear it from the ISBA as well.
Trump judges have been put in place specifically to thwart a Democratic agenda. Any talk or hope that the courts will be partners in the restoration of the rule of law is folly. Two years ago, if you had called me “judgemental” (and I’m certain some did), I would have firmly disagreed. I thought, All of us judge and I believe that I judge fairly so what could possibly be wrong with that? Back then, I knew for a fact that I was very good at being a mom– people e.
Synonyms for occasional in Free Thesaurus. Antonyms for occasional. 25 synonyms for occasional: infrequent, odd, rare, casual, irregular, sporadic, intermittent, few. BOSSIER CITY, La. A group of family, supporters, and elected officials gathered on Friday for the swearing in of Bossier City Judge Santi Parks. Parks was elected Nov. 3 and will be the sixth. Occasional bending, stooping, crawling, kneeling, sitting, squatting and repetitive foot/leg and hand/arm movements. Occasional use of vision to judge distances and spatial relationships. Occasional lifting/carrying and pushing/pulling objects weighing 25-50 lbs. Occasional lifting/moving patients. Occasional use of smell to detect/recognize odors.
Well, I have concluded I was wrong. We lawyers do a terrible job of taking care of ourselves. Lawyers, judges, and law students are much more likely to self-medicate (and abuse) alcohol. We live in our offices and very few of us get exercise at levels we really need. We are more likely to suffer from depression and stress disorders than the general population.
As I see it, even a life that is longer due to good eating and exercise habits is still too short to be unhappy. We certainly ought not be doing anything to shorten it and end up with the fate of some of our colleagues. Just in recent memory we’ve lost two colleagues—Jeff Jankowski and Ken Sheetz—to heart attacks. More seasoned lawyers will remember that Ken Wilber took his own life less than two decades ago.
There are resources out there who can provide help. The Judges and Lawyers Assistance Program is one. By law, it is confidential. The fact its offices are in Indianapolis doesn’t matter. JLAP can refer you to local resources.
The New York Times has a whole section it calls Smarter Living with practical, bite-sized articles on strategies for physical health, mental health, and maybe even how to quickly untangle holiday lights.
Give meditation a try. If you think that’s too “woo” for lawyers, you should know that U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer meditates in chambers after oral arguments. His form is just shutting the door for about 20 minutes while he sits quietly with his eyes closed.
At this year’s Local Practice Seminar, Loretta Olesky from JLAP will offer a session to tell you what all JLAP does, and perhaps more importantly what you can do when it appears a colleague needs help.
Please don’t wait for January 1, 2018 to decide to start taking better care of yourself (and watching out for each other). Start now. Your family, your friends, and your colleagues deserve nothing less.
August 7, 2017:
What happened to the President’s Blog? Well, truth be told, blogging isn’t for everyone. And life sometimes gets in the way (in the best way possible, right Victoria Wolf?). So, rather than use this space as a spot for the SJCBA President to blog (although David Pruitt is certainly encouraged to do so!), your faithful web master has opted to convert this into the SJCBA Occasional. Meaning, we will occasionally post items here that are of interest, but not necessarily worthy of appearing the newsletter or in an email to members.
As an example, here is the follow-up to the May 20, 2016 post from Bill Wilson. In that post, he asked about a young lady who appeared in the 1922 composite bar association photo. Maxine E. Ryer, as it turns out, was the first woman to practice law in St. Joseph County and was the first woman to graduate from the Notre Dame Law School. We know from an archived copy of the South Bend News-Times that Ms. Ryer graduated from high school in South Bend in 1916. (The headline from that issue: “One American and Two Mexicans Killed in Battle”…other news worthy of the front page: “Ex-Wife Sues Her Ex-Husband For Babies’ Support.”)
Tragedy visited Ms. Ryer just two years after she appeared in the composite photo. A blurb appears in a publication from the University of Michigan Law School: “Frank H. Dunnahoo was killed in an automobile accident on September 15th, 1924, in South Bend, Ind., where he was born, and where, immediately after graduation from Law School, he established himself in practice. He served for two terms as City Attorney of South Bend. In 1922 he formed a law partnership with Maxine E. Ryer, a young talented woman lawyer of said city, whom, a year later, he married and who survives him. He is said to have been ‘one of the best lawyers South Bend has produced or known.’”
June 30, 2016:
My time as the president of your Bar Association is ticking down with roughly thirteen hours and thirty-five minutes to go. I wouldn’t be myself if I didn’t take a moment to compose some closing thoughts.
First, again, thank you for this privilege. While the job is not always easy, it more than makes up for any difficulties by being extremely rewarding.
Second, please give Victoria Wolf all the support you gave to me. While she may not need the help, she and her husband are expecting their first child in September. Any help you can give her is certainly going to be appreciated.
Third, think about one thing you could do for the Bar Association that wouldn’t be too demanding or time consuming. If everyone could find ten minutes a month—less than .2 billable hours!—they could spend doing something for the SJCBA, we would knock the socks off of every bar association in the state. Contact the SJCBA and offer your time.
Finally, for some reason I was thinking about advice I’d like to share with my son when I had an idea that should be shared widely. Find something you can do that others will enjoy. Maybe it’s writing short stories. Perhaps it’s taking photographs. We all have some kind of creative talent that we can use for the benefit of others. When we do so, the rewards we receive are very satisfying. You don’t need to be a Picasso or a Mozart. But if you can create enjoyment for others, you will experience joy yourself.
That’s it. Here’s to a new administration and great things ahead!
Bill Wilson
May 20, 2016:
Does anyone know who this is? Obviously, her name is Maxine E. Ryer. Her photo appears in the 1922 composite of the St. Joseph County Bar Association. It’s safe to say she was one of the first women members of the SJCBA. She might have even been the very first. Out of all the photos in the 1922 composite, Ms. Ryer is the only woman. I happen to pass by her photo at least twice a day, and I often wonder what her life must have been like. What challenges did she face from her colleagues, and did they even consider her a colleague? Heck, in 1922 Ms. Ryer had enjoyed the constitutional right to vote for only two years. She had to be a trailblazer.
Unfortunately, a Google search turns up nothing on Ms. Ryer. Perhaps someday we will find out more about her story.
May 16, 2016:
This morning has me thinking about wellness. In recent years we’ve lost a number of our colleagues well before their time. Looking around at our members, I see some who are doing what needs to be done for their physical health, but too many of us aren’t. We all have demands on our time—which means we skip exercise and eat fast food too often. The problem is, those behaviors take a toll on us. We end up with high blood pressure, high cholesterol and triglycerides, and insulin resistance or diabetes.
There’s one thing you can do that can make a huge, HUGE positive impact. Take ten minutes and watch Dr. Mike Evans explain it for you. Follow his prescription. Your friends, family, clients, and colleagues will thank you.
May 12, 2016:
Fifty days to go…not that anyone is counting.
On June 30, 2016 I will serve my last day as the SJCBA President. Looking back, I’m proud that we have accomplished a major task in our strategic planning session. At the same time, I feel regret that we didn’t accomplish more during my term. I can’t say specifically what should have been accomplished, but that feeling persists.
Since there are still 50 days left, though, I hope to use them to urge you to move from being a passive member to an active member. I know as well as anyone that we are all extremely busy—both during and after work hours. That doesn’t mean you can’t be an active member, however. There are plenty of opportunities that don’t require a lot of time. For example, if you can think of an idea for a CLE program send it in. If you found a great resource on the Internet that would be helpful to lawyers, let us know so we can link to it from our site. If you have a checklist you’d be willing to share with your colleagues, get it to us so we can publish it here. Even something as simple as “Tuttle’s Tips to Tick Off the Judge” can be very helpful to newer lawyers.
Heck, even if you can say, “I’d like to help; what can I do?” it would be a terrific contribution to your association. We can find big or small tasks that can fit your availability.
To paraphrase a great orator, don’t ask what the SJCBA can do for you, ask what you can do for the SJCBA. You’ll be glad you did.
May 2, 2016:
Yes, with just under two months to go in my term as your association’s president, I finally launched a blog. This might (and should) turn out to be a good way to keep everyone informed on topics that don’t always make it into the newsletter. Please note that the observations and comments here are solely my own and not the official policy of the bar association. There could be times I dissent from the official policy, I suppose. So, without further ado, I begin.Survey says…
F4 racing usa. We had a remarkable response rate to the survey conducted by the American Bar Association. Oddly, the largest demographic represented by survey participants was lawyers age 50 and over. While that might skew the results somewhat, the information we received was invaluable. Indeed, we had our ABA-led strategic planning session on Friday, April 29 and the survey results were very helpful. (More about the strategic planning in a future post.)Occasional Judgement
Within the survey there were indicators of some urban legends and misunderstandings. I’d like to try to clear some of them up.
*A number of members perceive that bar leaders are part of a clique that rotates people through leadership positions. Our treasurer’s “lifetime appointment” is one example, and other long term board members is another. Let’s take each topic in turn.
*Historically, the treasurer has been an office occupied by one person while the other association officers come and go. Robert Parker held this position for decades until Mitch Heppenheimer took it over most recently. Believe it or not, Mitch is stepping down as Treasurer on June 30 in light of his upcoming year of service as the Indiana State Bar Association’s president. Mario Zappia will serve as the new treasurer. Why keep one person in the same role for so long? For one, few people want to take on the responsibility of signing hundreds of checks each year and preparing financial reports. The position might require up to five or more hours per week; the treasurer is the real workhorse of the board of governors. In addition, having a long term treasurer helps maintain some institutional knowledge among the officers.
*Our bylaws provide for a number of “ex officio” members of the board. I’ve never liked the term “ex officio” because it suggests that the person is on the board by virtue of an office he or she holds. A better term is non-voting member. The bylaws say that the board can appoint two non-voting members; another non-voting member is selected by the board from the pro bono programs; the final non-voting member(s) chair the new lawyers committee. Judge Michael G. Gotsch, Jr. and Mario J. Zappia have served in these non-voting positions because of their long involvement with the bar association. They represent a great deal of historic knowledge and offer perspectives that help keep the voting members of the board from repeating historic mistakes. With Mario Zappia moving into the treasurer’s role, Mitch Heppenheimer will move to the vacant non-voting member seat.
*So, in short, it’s fair to say that a number of people always seem to be involved in bar association leadership, and that they happen to have a bit higher profile. Over the ten years or so I’ve been on the board, I’ve served with a number of other board members who have come and gone. Those members sometimes rotate out of the positions or move into officer positions (where they eventually end up leaving the board after serving as immediate past president).
*I would hope that all of our members feel welcome getting involved. Like any association, new blood at any level is healthy for the group. Our bar association has a number of committees (which we really should call sections) that contribute. Some are more active than others, but they should all be quite active—and they probably would be if people came forward to help. Of course, time is a precious commodity for all of us. As part of our strategic planning, we’re exploring how we can create opportunities for members to “micro volunteer” on short tasks. As Magistrate Judge Christopher Neuchterlein likes to say, many hands make for light work. Ideally, our committees should be the breeding ground for future bar officers and leaders. We will look to those groups in the years ahead to groom lawyers to take on other leadership roles.
*There is a lot more to say about the survey results, and in the near future I will present an executive summary of the results. Thank you to all who participated—and congratulations to David Keckley on winning the $100 gift card!Strategery for the future
In 2015, the board of governors voted to create a strategic plan so we would develop and have a road map for the association’s future. The survey was the first big step. The second big step took place on April 29. Karyn Linn, of the ABA’s Bar Services Division, led your board and some other association members through a full day of thinking. Tim Curran, Angelika Mueller, Greta Lewis, Danielle Campbell, Libby Klesmith, Nick Derda, Mike Gotsch, David Pruitt, Joe Fullenkamp, Angela Hall, Stephanie Steele, Amy McGuire, Rich Urda, Victoria Wolf, Aladean DeRose and I weren’t quite locked in the room together all day, but it was close. We asked hard questions: What should the bar association look like in three years? What are the priorities to get us there? What tools will we use to advance those priorities? Of course, asking the hard questions is actually quite easy. It’s the answering that takes hard work. We brainstormed, debated, had a few realizations, and put together the foundation for moving forward. Everyone left mentally tired but enthusiastic about the next steps.
After we get our report back from Karyn Linn, I’ll be happy to unveil it. I will also be happy to have volunteers to work on the next steps. Regardless of your level of involvement in the past, your participation will be most welcome. Indeed, having the perspective of people who haven’t historically been deeply involved is very important. If you’ve been looking for a way to contribute to your association, here’s your chance.A final note
By now I’m sure you heard the horrible, tragic news from last Thursday, April 28. Judge Hostetler’s elderly parents were both killed in an automobile accident in Kokomo. As I have said before, losing a parent is a tough rite of passage no matter what the circumstances are. Losing both parents in such a sudden and shocking way is all but incomprehensible to most of us. I know you will join with me in offering Judge Hostetler and his family your support, thoughts, and prayers in the weeks and months ahead.
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Two years ago, if you had called me “judgemental” (and I’m certain some did), I would have firmly disagreed. I thought, All of us judge and I believe that I judge fairly so what could possibly be wrong with that?
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*29-Aug-2020 by Sandra:
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*12-May-2020 by Susan:
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*02-Jan-2020 by Richard:
A great website to play casino games. They will treat you like a VIP and provide bonuses that match you the best. But once I had a massive win and when I tried to withdraw it, it took ages. – source: AskGamblers
*03-Oct-2019 by Collene:
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Slots Magic is an online website founded in 2014 and is operated by the Skill On Net Limited Casinos, featuring a design of a gold and purple theme. The site was originally called Jackpot Party until Feb 2014, after which they changed their brand name to Slots Magic.
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An excellently designed casino and the first on this list of Slots Magic sister sites, Mega Casino features a look that resonates between a classical vegas style and a modern design, allowing players to easily hop in and start glancing at some of the best-featured games right on the homepage. The casino is powered by Evolution Gaming and in house software providers, allowing players to get a lineup of casino games, especially live ones, on Mega Casino.
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The welcoming promotion, on the other hand, is quite short-handed, considering how diverse the casino is, and only gives 100 spins on Starburst when players deposit £10 or more. Even more so, a high WR of 60x clouds up on all new players that get this bonus, making it not the best in that depaPrime Casino
Prime Casino is a hot-spot of slots and jackpot games that are boasted on a green-fruity themed design, where players can find game titles like Immortal Romance and Thors Lightning. This casino also features a 100 spin welcome bonus, the likes of which can be used on the infamous slot title called Book of Dead.
Aside from the previously mentioned instant play games, players can also find live casino games, which features its own dedicated section where software providers like Evolution Gaming fill up with their infamous, classical live casino titles, which are mostly based on Roulettes and BlackJack. Moreover, the casino is licensed under the MGA, so players can expect a good level of fair play services on this one.PlayMillion
A 2011 estasblished casino with a hassle-free website design, PlayMillion claims to be all about providing players with a sleek and modern casino experience. They’re currently powered by industry giants like Microgaming, Cryptologic, and some more, so players of every preference can more or less find their desired games, unless its bingo.EU Casino
EU Casino was established in 2009 and it features a long list of casino games powered by various industry giants, catering ideally to the gaming needs of both UK players and those outside it. The site has a multi-currency and multi-language option. which makes players enjoy playing in any format which they are much comfortable with.Casino Red Kings
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*But before she can start tracking a wild sloth, Rebecca has to bring it to the sanctuary for a backpack fitting. First, she uses a harmless tranquilizer to put the sloth to sleep. Then, back at the sanctuary, she and her coworkers weigh and measure the sloth. Finally, Rebecca hand-sews a harness that is just the right size.
*A passing female sloth shows interest in spy sloth. 2021-01-22T20:00:00-08:00: The Bletchley Circle: San Francisco: In for a Pound.
How sloths live in the wild, the sanctuary could raise orphaned sloths more as a wild sloth mom would. That’s where the back-packs come in: They let Rebecca do a little high-tech spying on sloths in the wild. Inside each backpack, a device called the Daily Diary records a sloth’s movements 24 hours a day—sort of the way an app on a smartphone. A passing female sloth shows interest in spy sloth. Her first move is to rub noses with her potential mate followed by a mating call. Aired: 04/29/20. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. A Sloth Spies On A Sloth Coloring Page
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Join Britannica’s Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work! Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.Alfred L. GardnerCurator, New World Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. Wildlife Biologist, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, United States Geological Survey, Laurel,..A Sloth Spies On A Sloth Coloring PageAlternative Titles: Phyllophaga, tree sloth
Sloth, (suborder Phyllophaga), tree-dwelling mammal noted for its slowness of movement. All five living species are limited to the lowland tropical forests of South and Central America, where they can be found high in the forest canopy sunning, resting, or feeding on leaves. Although two-toed sloths (family Megalonychidae) are capable of climbing and positioning themselves vertically, they spend almost all of their time hanging horizontally, using their large hooklike extremities to move along branches and vines. Three-toed sloths (family Bradypodidae) move in the same way but often sit in the forks of trees rather than hanging from branches.What kind of animal is a sloth?
Sloths are mammals. They are part of the order Pilosa, which is also home to anteaters. Together with armadillos, sloths and anteaters form the magnorder Xenarthra.How many types of sloths are there?
A total of five species of sloths exist: the pygmy three-toed sloth, the maned sloth, the pale-throated three-toed sloth, the brown-throated three-toed sloth, and Linnaeus’s two-toed sloth. All sloths are either two-toed or three-toed.Where do sloths live?
Sloths live in the lowland tropical areas of South and Central America. They spend most of their life in the forest canopy. Two-toed sloths tend to hang horizontally from branches, while three-toed sloths often sit in the forks of trees.What do sloths eat?
Sloths are omnivores. Because they spend most of their time in trees, they like to munch on leaves, twigs, flowers, and other foliage, though some species may eat insects and other small animals.Why are sloths so slow?
Sloths are slow because of their diet and metabolic rate. They eat a low-calorie diet consisting exclusively of plants, and they metabolize at a rate that is only 40–45 percent of what is expected for mammals of their weight. Sloths must move slowly to conserve energy.
Sloths have long legs, stumpy tails, and rounded heads with inconspicuous ears. Although they possess colour vision, sloths’ eyesight and hearing are not very acute; orientation is mainly by touch. The limbs are adapted for suspending the body rather than supporting it. As a result, sloths are completely helpless on the ground unless there is something to grasp. Even then, they are able only to drag themselves along with their claws. They are surprisingly good swimmers. Generally nocturnal, sloths are solitary and are aggressive toward others of the same sex.
Sloths have large multichambered stomachs and an ability to tolerate strong chemicals from the foliage they eat. The leafy food is digested slowly; a fermenting meal may take up to a week to process. The stomach is constantly filled, its contents making up about 30 percent of the sloth’s weight. Sloths descend to the ground at approximately six-day intervals to urinate and defecate (see Sidebar: A moving habitat). Physiologically, sloths are heterothermic—that is, they have imperfect control over their body temperature. Normally ranging between 25 and 35 °C (77 and 95 °F), body temperature may drop to as low as 20 °C (68 °F). At this temperature the animals become torpid. Although heterothermicity makes sloths very sensitive to temperature change, they have thick skin and are able to withstand severe injuries.
All sloths were formerly classified in the same family (Bradypodidae), but two-toed sloths have been found to be so different from three-toed sloths that they are now classified in a separate family (Megalonychidae). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe NowThree-toed sloths
The three-toed sloth (family Bradypodidae) is also called the ai in Latin America because of the high-pitched cry it produces when agitated. All four species belong to the same genus, Bradypus, and the coloration of their short facial hair bestows them with a perpetually smiling expression. The brown-throated three-toed sloth (B. variegatus) occurs in Central and South America from Honduras to northern Argentina; the pale-throated three-toed sloth (B. tridactylus) is found in northern South America; the maned sloth (B. torquatus) is restricted to the small Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil; and the pygmy three-toed sloth (B. pygmaeus) inhabits the Isla Escudo de Veraguas, a small Caribbean island off the northwestern coast of Panama.
Although most mammals have seven neck vertebrae, three-toed sloths have eight or nine, which permits them to turn their heads through a 270° arc. The teeth are simple pegs, and the upper front pair are smaller than the others; incisor and true canine teeth are lacking. Adults weigh only about 4 kg (8.8 pounds), and the young weigh less than 1 kg (2.2 pounds), possibly as little as 150–250 grams (about 5–9 ounces) at birth. (The birth weight of B. torquatus, for example, is only 300 grams [about 11 ounces].) The head and body length of three-toed sloths averages 58 cm (23 inches), and the tail is short, round, and movable. The forelimbs are 50 percent longer than the hind limbs; all four feet have three long, curved sharp claws. Sloths’ coloration makes them difficult to spot, even though they are very common in some areas. The outer layer of shaggy long hair is pale brown to gray and covers a short, dense coat of black-and-white underfur. The outer hairs have many cracks, perhaps caused by the algae living there. The algae give the animals a greenish tinge, especially during the rainy season. Sexes look alike in the maned sloth, but in the other species males have a large patch (speculum) in the middle of the back that lacks overhair, thus revealing the black dorsal stripe and bordering white underfur, which is sometimes stained yellow to orange. The maned sloth gets its name from the long black hair on the back of its head and neck.
Three-toed sloths, although mainly nocturnal, may be active day or night but spend only about 10 percent of their time moving at all. They sleep either perched in the fork of a tree or hanging from a branch, with all four feet bunched together and the head tucked in on the chest. In this posture the sloth resembles a clump of dead leaves, so inconspicuous that it was once thought these animals ate only the leaves of cecropia trees because in other trees it went undetected. Research has since shown that they eat the foliage of a wide variety of other trees and vines. Locating food by touch and smell, the sloth feeds by hooking a branch with its claws and pulling it to its mouth. Sloths’ slow movements and mainly nocturnal habits generally do not attract the attention of predators such as jaguars and harpy eagles. Normally, three-toed sloths are silent and docile, but if disturbed they can strike out furiously with the sharp foreclaws.A Sloth Spies On A Sloth
Reproduction is seasonal in the brown- and pale-throated species; the maned sloth may breed throughout the year. Reproduction in pygmy three-toed sloths, however, has not yet been observed. A single young is born after less than six months’ gestation. Newborn sloths cling to the mother’s abdomen and remain with the mother until at least five months of age. Three-toed sloths are so difficult to maintain in captivity that little is known about their breeding behaviour and other aspects of their life history.A Sloth Spies On A Sloth CostumeQuick FactsA Sloth Spies On A Sloth Gifrelated topics
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*A Sloth Spies On A Sloth
*A Sloth Spies On A Sloth Costume
*A Sloth Spies On A Sloth Gif Please select which sections you would like to print:
*But before she can start tracking a wild sloth, Rebecca has to bring it to the sanctuary for a backpack fitting. First, she uses a harmless tranquilizer to put the sloth to sleep. Then, back at the sanctuary, she and her coworkers weigh and measure the sloth. Finally, Rebecca hand-sews a harness that is just the right size.
*A passing female sloth shows interest in spy sloth. 2021-01-22T20:00:00-08:00: The Bletchley Circle: San Francisco: In for a Pound.
How sloths live in the wild, the sanctuary could raise orphaned sloths more as a wild sloth mom would. That’s where the back-packs come in: They let Rebecca do a little high-tech spying on sloths in the wild. Inside each backpack, a device called the Daily Diary records a sloth’s movements 24 hours a day—sort of the way an app on a smartphone. A passing female sloth shows interest in spy sloth. Her first move is to rub noses with her potential mate followed by a mating call. Aired: 04/29/20. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. A Sloth Spies On A Sloth Coloring Page
Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Join Britannica’s Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work! Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students.Alfred L. GardnerCurator, New World Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. Wildlife Biologist, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, United States Geological Survey, Laurel,..A Sloth Spies On A Sloth Coloring PageAlternative Titles: Phyllophaga, tree sloth
Sloth, (suborder Phyllophaga), tree-dwelling mammal noted for its slowness of movement. All five living species are limited to the lowland tropical forests of South and Central America, where they can be found high in the forest canopy sunning, resting, or feeding on leaves. Although two-toed sloths (family Megalonychidae) are capable of climbing and positioning themselves vertically, they spend almost all of their time hanging horizontally, using their large hooklike extremities to move along branches and vines. Three-toed sloths (family Bradypodidae) move in the same way but often sit in the forks of trees rather than hanging from branches.What kind of animal is a sloth?
Sloths are mammals. They are part of the order Pilosa, which is also home to anteaters. Together with armadillos, sloths and anteaters form the magnorder Xenarthra.How many types of sloths are there?
A total of five species of sloths exist: the pygmy three-toed sloth, the maned sloth, the pale-throated three-toed sloth, the brown-throated three-toed sloth, and Linnaeus’s two-toed sloth. All sloths are either two-toed or three-toed.Where do sloths live?
Sloths live in the lowland tropical areas of South and Central America. They spend most of their life in the forest canopy. Two-toed sloths tend to hang horizontally from branches, while three-toed sloths often sit in the forks of trees.What do sloths eat?
Sloths are omnivores. Because they spend most of their time in trees, they like to munch on leaves, twigs, flowers, and other foliage, though some species may eat insects and other small animals.Why are sloths so slow?
Sloths are slow because of their diet and metabolic rate. They eat a low-calorie diet consisting exclusively of plants, and they metabolize at a rate that is only 40–45 percent of what is expected for mammals of their weight. Sloths must move slowly to conserve energy.
Sloths have long legs, stumpy tails, and rounded heads with inconspicuous ears. Although they possess colour vision, sloths’ eyesight and hearing are not very acute; orientation is mainly by touch. The limbs are adapted for suspending the body rather than supporting it. As a result, sloths are completely helpless on the ground unless there is something to grasp. Even then, they are able only to drag themselves along with their claws. They are surprisingly good swimmers. Generally nocturnal, sloths are solitary and are aggressive toward others of the same sex.
Sloths have large multichambered stomachs and an ability to tolerate strong chemicals from the foliage they eat. The leafy food is digested slowly; a fermenting meal may take up to a week to process. The stomach is constantly filled, its contents making up about 30 percent of the sloth’s weight. Sloths descend to the ground at approximately six-day intervals to urinate and defecate (see Sidebar: A moving habitat). Physiologically, sloths are heterothermic—that is, they have imperfect control over their body temperature. Normally ranging between 25 and 35 °C (77 and 95 °F), body temperature may drop to as low as 20 °C (68 °F). At this temperature the animals become torpid. Although heterothermicity makes sloths very sensitive to temperature change, they have thick skin and are able to withstand severe injuries.
All sloths were formerly classified in the same family (Bradypodidae), but two-toed sloths have been found to be so different from three-toed sloths that they are now classified in a separate family (Megalonychidae). Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe NowThree-toed sloths
The three-toed sloth (family Bradypodidae) is also called the ai in Latin America because of the high-pitched cry it produces when agitated. All four species belong to the same genus, Bradypus, and the coloration of their short facial hair bestows them with a perpetually smiling expression. The brown-throated three-toed sloth (B. variegatus) occurs in Central and South America from Honduras to northern Argentina; the pale-throated three-toed sloth (B. tridactylus) is found in northern South America; the maned sloth (B. torquatus) is restricted to the small Atlantic forest of southeastern Brazil; and the pygmy three-toed sloth (B. pygmaeus) inhabits the Isla Escudo de Veraguas, a small Caribbean island off the northwestern coast of Panama.
Although most mammals have seven neck vertebrae, three-toed sloths have eight or nine, which permits them to turn their heads through a 270° arc. The teeth are simple pegs, and the upper front pair are smaller than the others; incisor and true canine teeth are lacking. Adults weigh only about 4 kg (8.8 pounds), and the young weigh less than 1 kg (2.2 pounds), possibly as little as 150–250 grams (about 5–9 ounces) at birth. (The birth weight of B. torquatus, for example, is only 300 grams [about 11 ounces].) The head and body length of three-toed sloths averages 58 cm (23 inches), and the tail is short, round, and movable. The forelimbs are 50 percent longer than the hind limbs; all four feet have three long, curved sharp claws. Sloths’ coloration makes them difficult to spot, even though they are very common in some areas. The outer layer of shaggy long hair is pale brown to gray and covers a short, dense coat of black-and-white underfur. The outer hairs have many cracks, perhaps caused by the algae living there. The algae give the animals a greenish tinge, especially during the rainy season. Sexes look alike in the maned sloth, but in the other species males have a large patch (speculum) in the middle of the back that lacks overhair, thus revealing the black dorsal stripe and bordering white underfur, which is sometimes stained yellow to orange. The maned sloth gets its name from the long black hair on the back of its head and neck.
Three-toed sloths, although mainly nocturnal, may be active day or night but spend only about 10 percent of their time moving at all. They sleep either perched in the fork of a tree or hanging from a branch, with all four feet bunched together and the head tucked in on the chest. In this posture the sloth resembles a clump of dead leaves, so inconspicuous that it was once thought these animals ate only the leaves of cecropia trees because in other trees it went undetected. Research has since shown that they eat the foliage of a wide variety of other trees and vines. Locating food by touch and smell, the sloth feeds by hooking a branch with its claws and pulling it to its mouth. Sloths’ slow movements and mainly nocturnal habits generally do not attract the attention of predators such as jaguars and harpy eagles. Normally, three-toed sloths are silent and docile, but if disturbed they can strike out furiously with the sharp foreclaws.A Sloth Spies On A Sloth
Reproduction is seasonal in the brown- and pale-throated species; the maned sloth may breed throughout the year. Reproduction in pygmy three-toed sloths, however, has not yet been observed. A single young is born after less than six months’ gestation. Newborn sloths cling to the mother’s abdomen and remain with the mother until at least five months of age. Three-toed sloths are so difficult to maintain in captivity that little is known about their breeding behaviour and other aspects of their life history.A Sloth Spies On A Sloth CostumeQuick FactsA Sloth Spies On A Sloth Gifrelated topics
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Smashing a single event series record at Circuit of The Americas, the Formula 4 United States Championship Powered by Honda will max out the grid with nearly 40 racers lined up to take the green during the United States Grand Prix weekend.
Thirty-seven F4 U.S. Championship drivers representing nine countries and 12 states are slated to share the same track as their F1 idols, beating the original record by four drivers that F4 U.S. set in 2016 at COTA. The huge showing also ties the world F4 single-event entry record set by ADAC F4 Germany in 2016.
All 37 Honda-powered Ligier JS F4 machines will be outfitted with THANK YOU CHARLIE decals in honor of Charlie Whiting. The late FIA Chief Steward, Whiting was instrumental in developing the F4 program and instituting F4 U.S. on the F1 USGP schedule in 2017.
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“We are looking forward to putting on a fantastic show for all the fans in Charlie Whiting’s memory,” said SCCA Pro Racing General Manager Sydney Davis Yagel. “He left a lasting mark on the motorsports world as a whole, and we are thankful for his contribution to our F4 program.”
Two teams from the Formula Pro USA F4 Western Championships presented by Exclusive Racing will join the F4 U.S. paddock at COTA, bringing a fleet of cars to the legendary American circuit.
World Speed Motorsports is getting a jumpstart to its 2020 F4 U.S. season, fielding a three-car assault lead by multi-championship driver and Team USA Scholarship and W-Series candidate Courtney Crone of Corona, California, along with the 2018 F4 West Coast Winter Champion Kyle Loh of San Jose, California. Amanda Cartier of San Francisco, who ran limited F4 West Coast Championship races with the team this season, will fill the final spot, supporting the red, black and white colors of World Speed Motorsports.F4 Racing Usa Inc
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“This is a great opportunity for us to participate at the national level, in preparation for our 2020 plan to complete in the entire race schedule,” noted World Speed team owner Telo Stewart. “These drivers have been working hard toward this all season, and we are looking forward to providing them each with a great car for the event.”
Set to take on the national level program, Doran Motorsports Group will make its F4 U.S. national debut at the USGP with Formula Pro Series F4 West Coast Championship winner Marco Kacic of Kelowna, British Columbia.
“We are really excited to head to COTA and see how we stack up against all the other teams and drivers that have been running the entire series,” explained Francois Doran. “We have one open seat for 2020 for the West Coast Championship and an additional seat for the East Coast. We are counting on a great showing in COTA to help fill those seats and provide increased momentum into next year.”
Leading into the 2019 season finale, the championship podium is still undecided.
Crosslink/Kiwi Motorsport pilot Joshua Car of Sydney, Australia, clinched the 2019 F4 U.S. title three rounds early, but second and third places in the championship are still up for grabs.
The standings are so tight going into final two rounds of the season, Francisco “Kiko” Porto of Pernambuco, Brazil, and Christian Brooks of Santa Clarita, California, are just points away from each other in a fight to claim second, while wild cards Jose Blanco of San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Arthur Leist of Novo Hamburgo, Brazil, are very capable of sliding in to steal third place, respectively.
“With the championship already in my pocket, I can give it everything to win the races,” Car said. “There is no need to conserve, I can just go there to get the best possible result. It will be my last F4 race so I am keen to go out with a bang. I absolutely can’t wait to get on track at COTA.”
However, the new competition entered for the weekend poses a serious threat to the F4 U.S. drivers looking to clinch national titles. The F4 U.S. COTA roster is filled with national champions from various motorsport’s disciplines looking to challenge the front-runners for position and potentially even snag the valuable points that Porto, Brooks, Blanco and Leist need to advance in the championship.
One of those drivers is the 2019 French F4 Championship third-place national winner Nicky Hays. Hays participated in two F4 U.S. events during his French F4 summer break, driving for DC Autosport with Cape Motorsports. The California native placed on the podium two of his six races, scoring enough points during the select race weekends to enter the final F4 U.S. event 10th in the overall standings.
“I look forward to getting back in the F4 U.S. car at COTA,” said Hays. “My goal is to hit the track right where I left off in the summer, fighting for wins!”
Another newcomer to the finale field is also on the international FIA F4 ladder. Tommy Foster of Newquay, England, enters COTA as a multi-time karting champion, and a top-10 competitor in the talent-filled British F4 program. Foster also carries the high-honor endorsement of HSH Prince Albert II of Monaco on his helmet. Foster expanded Alliance Racing sponsored by Gas Monkey Energy’s roster, filling the team’s fifth seat for the weekend.
In addition to the international F4 drivers gunning for American glory and West Coast F4 drivers looking to make a name for themselves on the national level, returning competition, like Kory Enders, pose risk to the point leaders’ title chase.
Local Texas driver Enders enters the F1 weekend to defend his 2018 COTA USGP podium finish. Enders spent the 2019 season developing his road racing skills with DEForce Racing in Indy Pro 2000, finishing the season seventh overall. Eager to be back behind the wheel of his Ligier JS F4 DEForce Racing machine, Enders’ F4 homecoming is for one reason: To claim the top step on the famed COTA podium that he missed out on last season.
“I’m super excited to finally get back in the car at my home race here in Austin, Texas,” said Enders. “The team has been working so hard all season to make this car as fast as it is and I’m excited to finally reap the benefits. We came in third last year and I’m not settling for anything but a first-place finish this year.”
F4 U.S. points are calculated based on FIA rules and regulations. The top-10 drivers in each race are awarded points. At the end of the season, the top-seven drivers are presented FIA Super License points to aid in their racing career advancement to Formula 1. The F4 U.S. Championship was the first junior racing series in the United States to offer its competitors Super License points.
The massive F4 U.S. field grids up on Friday for an early morning practice followed by qualifying later that afternoon. Saturday morning drivers hit the 3.427-mile, 20-turn circuit for its first of two 25-minute (or 10 laps whichever comes first) races of the weekend. Later that day, the F4 U.S. drivers will host an autograph session (2:30-3:00 p.m. Central) in the support paddock at the series trailer. All ticket holders are invited, and the first 200 fans will receive a free commemorative poster. The season concludes Sunday morning with the last race of the season. Fans can follow live timing and scoring and full results at F4USChampionship.com.Full Event Schedule Entry List
Register here: http://gg.gg/ox2ji
https://diarynote.indered.space
Bondurant High Performance Driving School’s Formula 4 training program gives you the opportunity to train in a competitive, state-of-the-art, open-wheel race car. The Bondurant F4 training program starts at $5,899 and offers multiple course options behind the wheel of a Ligier JS F4.
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Start with our Grand Prix Road Racing 4-day course to learn the art of road racing! You will spend 3 thrilling days in the Dodge SRT Challenger Hellcat Widebody, followed by the 4th full day in the Ligier JS F4! (SCCA regional licensing available).
The Advanced Formula Road Racing (2 or 3 Day Course) is designed for current racers, graduates of our 4-day Grand Prix Road Racing Course, or equivalent. Focused on maximum seat time and advanced racing skills to take you to the next level! (SCCA PRO licensing available).
Advanced instruction and seat time for current F4 racers or equivalent. Please email us or call (480) 403-7600. Classes are open to anyone with the desire to further their skills as a competitive driver, for those seeking a SCCA Pro License, or for enthusiasts who have dreamed of driving true open-wheel race cars.
New and Used Race Cars For Sale - Including, Ligier JSF4, JSF3, JSP4, JS2R. Western States Dealer - Distributor for Ligier North America. Ligier Race Car Parts. Championship was the first junior racing series in the United States to offer its competitors Super License points. The massive F4 U.S. Field grids up on Friday for an early morning practice followed by qualifying later that afternoon. F40 Motorsports Showroom and Shop is Open Monday-Thursday 9am-5pm Friday 9am-2pm Please Call or E -mail,Mike Roberts (860) 342-5705, mike@f40.com to set up an apointment to view any of our current inventory.EMAIL US: Info@Bondurant.comCALL US: (480) 403-7600
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*2019 F4 Champ set for sophomore season in FR Americas Graduating with Team Crosslink from the F4 United States Championship Powered by Honda to the FR Americas Championship in 2020 courtesy of his title winning performance.Read more Honda Performance Development Announces Super Formula Scholarship January 18, 2021 at 2:11 PM.
Smashing a single event series record at Circuit of The Americas, the Formula 4 United States Championship Powered by Honda will max out the grid with nearly 40 racers lined up to take the green during the United States Grand Prix weekend.
Thirty-seven F4 U.S. Championship drivers representing nine countries and 12 states are slated to share the same track as their F1 idols, beating the original record by four drivers that F4 U.S. set in 2016 at COTA. The huge showing also ties the world F4 single-event entry record set by ADAC F4 Germany in 2016.
All 37 Honda-powered Ligier JS F4 machines will be outfitted with THANK YOU CHARLIE decals in honor of Charlie Whiting. The late FIA Chief Steward, Whiting was instrumental in developing the F4 program and instituting F4 U.S. on the F1 USGP schedule in 2017.
The F4 doubleheader finale takes place on its largest stage of the season at the F1 USGP Nov. 1-3. More than 300,000 fans are anticipated to fill the stands during the three-day event.F4 Usa
“We are looking forward to putting on a fantastic show for all the fans in Charlie Whiting’s memory,” said SCCA Pro Racing General Manager Sydney Davis Yagel. “He left a lasting mark on the motorsports world as a whole, and we are thankful for his contribution to our F4 program.”
Two teams from the Formula Pro USA F4 Western Championships presented by Exclusive Racing will join the F4 U.S. paddock at COTA, bringing a fleet of cars to the legendary American circuit.
World Speed Motorsports is getting a jumpstart to its 2020 F4 U.S. season, fielding a three-car assault lead by multi-championship driver and Team USA Scholarship and W-Series candidate Courtney Crone of Corona, California, along with the 2018 F4 West Coast Winter Champion Kyle Loh of San Jose, California. Amanda Cartier of San Francisco, who ran limited F4 West Coast Championship races with the team this season, will fill the final spot, supporting the red, black and white colors of World Speed Motorsports.F4 Racing Usa Inc
In September, World Speed Motorsports announced that it will run a two-car effort for a full 2020 F4 U.S. campaign.
“This is a great opportunity for us to participate at the national level, in preparation for our 2020 plan to complete in the entire race schedule,” noted World Speed team owner Telo Stewart. “These drivers have been working hard toward this all season, and we are looking forward to providing them each with a great car for the event.”
Set to take on the national level program, Doran Motorsports Group will make its F4 U.S. national debut at the USGP with Formula Pro Series F4 West Coast Championship winner Marco Kacic of Kelowna, British Columbia.
“We are really excited to head to COTA and see how we stack up against all the other teams and drivers that have been running the entire series,” explained Francois Doran. “We have one open seat for 2020 for the West Coast Championship and an additional seat for the East Coast. We are counting on a great showing in COTA to help fill those seats and provide increased momentum into next year.”
Leading into the 2019 season finale, the championship podium is still undecided.
Crosslink/Kiwi Motorsport pilot Joshua Car of Sydney, Australia, clinched the 2019 F4 U.S. title three rounds early, but second and third places in the championship are still up for grabs.
The standings are so tight going into final two rounds of the season, Francisco “Kiko” Porto of Pernambuco, Brazil, and Christian Brooks of Santa Clarita, California, are just points away from each other in a fight to claim second, while wild cards Jose Blanco of San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Arthur Leist of Novo Hamburgo, Brazil, are very capable of sliding in to steal third place, respectively.
“With the championship already in my pocket, I can give it everything to win the races,” Car said. “There is no need to conserve, I can just go there to get the best possible result. It will be my last F4 race so I am keen to go out with a bang. I absolutely can’t wait to get on track at COTA.”
However, the new competition entered for the weekend poses a serious threat to the F4 U.S. drivers looking to clinch national titles. The F4 U.S. COTA roster is filled with national champions from various motorsport’s disciplines looking to challenge the front-runners for position and potentially even snag the valuable points that Porto, Brooks, Blanco and Leist need to advance in the championship.
One of those drivers is the 2019 French F4 Championship third-place national winner Nicky Hays. Hays participated in two F4 U.S. events during his French F4 summer break, driving for DC Autosport with Cape Motorsports. The California native placed on the podium two of his six races, scoring enough points during the select race weekends to enter the final F4 U.S. event 10th in the overall standings.
“I look forward to getting back in the F4 U.S. car at COTA,” said Hays. “My goal is to hit the track right where I left off in the summer, fighting for wins!”
Another newcomer to the finale field is also on the international FIA F4 ladder. Tommy Foster of Newquay, England, enters COTA as a multi-time karting champion, and a top-10 competitor in the talent-filled British F4 program. Foster also carries the high-honor endorsement of HSH Prince Albert II of Monaco on his helmet. Foster expanded Alliance Racing sponsored by Gas Monkey Energy’s roster, filling the team’s fifth seat for the weekend.
In addition to the international F4 drivers gunning for American glory and West Coast F4 drivers looking to make a name for themselves on the national level, returning competition, like Kory Enders, pose risk to the point leaders’ title chase.
Local Texas driver Enders enters the F1 weekend to defend his 2018 COTA USGP podium finish. Enders spent the 2019 season developing his road racing skills with DEForce Racing in Indy Pro 2000, finishing the season seventh overall. Eager to be back behind the wheel of his Ligier JS F4 DEForce Racing machine, Enders’ F4 homecoming is for one reason: To claim the top step on the famed COTA podium that he missed out on last season.
“I’m super excited to finally get back in the car at my home race here in Austin, Texas,” said Enders. “The team has been working so hard all season to make this car as fast as it is and I’m excited to finally reap the benefits. We came in third last year and I’m not settling for anything but a first-place finish this year.”
F4 U.S. points are calculated based on FIA rules and regulations. The top-10 drivers in each race are awarded points. At the end of the season, the top-seven drivers are presented FIA Super License points to aid in their racing career advancement to Formula 1. The F4 U.S. Championship was the first junior racing series in the United States to offer its competitors Super License points.
The massive F4 U.S. field grids up on Friday for an early morning practice followed by qualifying later that afternoon. Saturday morning drivers hit the 3.427-mile, 20-turn circuit for its first of two 25-minute (or 10 laps whichever comes first) races of the weekend. Later that day, the F4 U.S. drivers will host an autograph session (2:30-3:00 p.m. Central) in the support paddock at the series trailer. All ticket holders are invited, and the first 200 fans will receive a free commemorative poster. The season concludes Sunday morning with the last race of the season. Fans can follow live timing and scoring and full results at F4USChampionship.com.Full Event Schedule Entry List
Register here: http://gg.gg/ox2ji
https://diarynote.indered.space
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In our one, two and three-day courses, which we conduct at technical and trade conferences as well as at private on-site classes, we will frequently be asked about particular technology trends and their impact on current designs. Of late, a number of these questions have focused on how the use of PCI Express (also known as PCIe) at higher frequencies impacts signals that change layers through vias. Limits on the number of vias in PCIe generations are well-known, but the effects of stubs and distributed parasitics are more difficult to see and are not often discussed.
*Altium Slots In Pcb
*Altium Designer
*Altium Designer Software
*High Voltage Pcb Design Rules
As part of this process, Altium Designer includes several important design that help ensure your create an error-free PCB design from a schematic. You’ll be able to quickly check your Altium Designer layout against your design rules and constraints, easily define your layer stack, run simulations of your design, and much more. The size of the slots can be indicated in text together with tolerances ( if needed). Indicate only one border in your mechanical layer. If you want a round shaped PCB then we expect a round shaped contour, not a round shaped PCB inside a square box, as this will result in a square shaped PCB Examples. Acceptable contour file indicating slots.
Altium Slots, party poker linkedin, hollywood casino toledo buffet price, free poker timer app-January 29, 2018. Prize pool: 300% up to €1000 + 50 free spins. Show More Casinos. Your Password was changed successfully Gamble Responsibly BeGambleAware.org. Drill slots are officially supported. Most design tools can generate a drill slot by use of a built-in command on the footprint or board layout editor. These slots are represented on your Drill file, rather than an outline. This method is common among the professional-grade tools, notably Altium and ORCAD. I see in you last rules, it is 0.5mm for plated slot, is that correct?Altium designer has slot pads by default, and it generates separated.txt drill file for slots. Is that ok, or I must add slot in mechanical layer, in pad center?Best regards, Neven. Alex:, 04:56:49 AM.
This article will address layer-changing vias, which transpires with them relative to capacitance and how they can be best designed to avoid signal degradation. First, we will describe the various types of vias, the role of vias in PCIe layout, the speeds where layer-changing vias started to cause problems, and the overview of the different kinds of PCIe implementations. Later we will address how to solve the signal degradation issues associated with layer-changing vias. It will also explain how we used back drilling to solve the problem of getting a signal across two very thick PCBs without degrading it from loss or via reflections.First, An OverviewWhat Are Vias?
There are several appurtenant factors to keep in mind about vias relative to the topic of this article. They include:
*Vias are the holes drilled through a PCB that provides electrical access from one layer to another.
*These drilled holes are plated with copper to provide the connections.
*A via has inductance and capacitance along its length, just like a transmission line.
*In theory, there are two kinds of vias, but we usually group them together.
*Vias may be used as component pins (through-hole or surface mount).
*Vias can also be plated through-holes for press-fit connectors (These are much larger than those used for component pins).
*Two of these vias occur for every path—one leaving the daughter card and the other going into the backplane or one leaving a component pin and connecting to another component pin on the same PCB.
*There is a “double whammy” when you have to go through a connector with a via because these vias are large compared to component pin vias.
*There are three kinds of vias—through-hole, blind, and buried vias.
*For this article, we are addressing blind vias.
*Blind vias begin on one side of the PCB but do not pass all the way through.
*The four ways to create blind vias are:
*Control depth drilling.
*Photoimaging.
*Laser drilling.
*Sequential lamination.
*For this article, we are focusing on laser-drilled blind vias.When Did Things Start to Get Dicey?
The design/signal performance challenges associated with blind vias in PCIe routing started to occur once we got to speeds of 10 GB/s. The issue was first presented a few years ago at DesignCon because several product developers experienced many failures. In some cases, the problems described in this article can occur at much lower data rates.
The things to remember about layer-changing vias include:Altium Slots In Pcb
*When the signal travels the length of the via, the via’s capacitance and inductance are distributed along the signal path, i.e., along the neck of the via.
*When the signal travels over only part of the via, the parasitic capacitance that is not included in the path forms a low pass filter that blocks or shunts high frequencies in a given design.
The graphics which illustrate the foregoing are described below. The insertion loss on a transmission line with PCIe signals traversing vias is shown in Figure 1. These loss curves are for two 8” (20 cm) traces with 12 mils (.3 mm) drilled blind vias at each end.
Here, the red loss curve is for an eight-inch trace on L14 of a 16-layer PCB with the signal injected and measured on L1. The blue curve is for a trace on L3 with the signal injected and measured on L1.
The key thing to remember is that as you go up in frequency, the capacitive reactance decreases. There is a localized lowering of the impedance, and energy will reflect off of that lower impedance. And, if there are two of these, the energy will reflect back and forth between the two. This reflection can become so severe that it can result in large amounts of attenuation of the signal. This is shown in Figure 2, which is an equivalent circuit of vias in a transmission line.
Figure 3 shows TDR results for two different blind vias as they change layers. On the left is the TDR result for the trace traveling from L9 to L10 in a 22-layer PCB.
With the signal on the right side, when the signal travels, the via’s parasitic capacitance is spread along its length (the inductance), and the via is negligible. On the left is the TDR result for the trace traveling between L9 to L10 in a 22-layer PCB. Here, the signal travels over only part of the via and the capacitance. That is not included in the path that (part of the via that is hanging down) forms the low pass filter and the frequencies can be blocked along with other similar vias.How Does PCI Express Fit In?
As stated above, during our classes, we have gotten a number of questions regarding how the recent and current generation PCI speeds express standard impact layer changing vias. Below are a few salient points about PCIe.
*The bandwidths double with each generation.
*A PCI connection consists of one or more lanes connected serially. The slots are configured in multiples of four lanes, such as x1, x4, x8, and x 16.
*The number of available PCIe lanes determines the bandwidth of a given slot.
*The number of lanes in a slot does not always match the physical slot length.
*Once the speeds of PCIe got up past 8 GB/s, there was the potential for product developers to encounter the aforementioned issues relative to layer-changing vias.
The various flavors of PCIe include:
*PCIe 1.0
*Lane Data Rate, 2.5 GB/s.
*Gigatransfer, 2.5 GT/s.
*Clock Frequency, 1.25 GHz.
*PCIe, 1.0/x4, x8, x 16.
*PCIe 2.0
*Lane Data Rate, 5 GB/s.
*Gigatransfer, 5 GT/s.
*Clock Frequency, 2.5 GHz.
*PCIe 2.0/4, x8, x 16
*PCIe 3.0
*Lane Data Rate, 8 GB/s.
*Gigatransfer, 8GT/s.
*Clock Frequency, 4 GHz.
*PCI 3.0/x 1, 4, 8, 16
*PCIe 4.0
*Lane Data Rate, 16 GB/s.
*Gigatransfer, 16 GT/s.
*Clock Frequency, 8 GHz.
*PCIe 4.0/x 1, 4, 8, 16
*PCIe 5.0
*Lane Data Rate 32 GB/s.
*Gigatransfer, 32 GT/s.
*Clock Frequency, 16 GHz
To be announced in 2021:
*PCIe 6.0
*Lane Data Rate, 64 GB/s.
*Gigatransfer, 64 GT/s.
*Clock Frequency 32 GHz.
While PCIe is not used very much in backplanes, it is used in almost every server and every super high-performance gaming PC. We are aware of an imaging product under development that has PCIe all over it. It’s a piece of equipment used for the optical inspection of wafers. Even though this product is not a backplane, it will require back drilling just to accommodate all of the PCIe that is incorporated into the product.What’s a PCI Express Boomerang Via?
In PCIe, where there are cards that plug into slots, the standard for those kinds of cards requires a via at every one of the pins. This is true even if you connect on L1. And, if you connect on this layer, you will wind up with a via hanging down. Hence, the term “boomerang via” was coined by Intel. In this configuration, right next to the via that is hooked right next to the connector, a second via is placed. The signal goes all the way to the bottom of the board, crosses over to the via that is part of the connector, and then goes back up. This is how the term “boomerang via” came into play.The Role of PCI Express Going Forward
Overall, the use of PCIe is going gangbusters. This is being forced, in large part, by all the graphic data that is included within 5G. In turn, this is forcing the developers of all the support equipment associated with 5G implementations to increase their bandwidth. This is why we tell developers that if they have not yet encountered the problems associated with high-speed PCIe and layer-changing vias it’s just a matter of time until they do so.
Changing gears, I will now address the fixes to the problems associated with layer changing vias and provide an example of how we resolved the challenge of getting a signal across two very thick PCBs with the use of back drilling.So, What’s the Fix?
The root of the problem associated with layer-changing vias is the parasitic capacitance that occurs when a signal travels over only part of a via. This capacitance forms a low pass filter along with other similar vias. At the speeds and frequencies associated with so many different products being developed for so many different vertical market segments, signals can become blocked.
Minimizing the foregoing via effects includes:
*Making sure the signals travel the whole length of the via by placing the signals on the lower layers of the PCB.
*Beginning and ending the signal on L1 and using no vias.
*Using vias at both ends of the signal when routed on layers near the top of the PCB and back drilling that portion of the via that extends below the trace layer.
*Routing the signal on L2 and entering and exiting the trace using a laser-drilled blind via.
As with most things in life, there are drawbacks to the foregoing approaches. They include:
*It’s only possible to limit signals to the lower layers if the number of signals routed does not exceed what can be put on the lower layers.
*Routing signals on L1 without using vias only works if those signals will fit into the available space. As noted previously, PCB outer layers have the poorest impedance accuracy. Plating the signals with ENIG (electroless nickel immersion gold) results in much higher loss than anticipated because of the nickel’s ferromagnetic properties.
*Back drilling away the unwanted portion of the via that extends below the trace layer requires an extra step in the process, and it also increases cost. Moreover, there is a risk of drilling too deep and breaking the connection to the trace. However, in some instances, as noted below, back drilling is the only way to go.
*Routing the signals on L2 and using blind vias to make the connection yields the best signal quality but requires an extra process step that can also increase the cost.
Figure 1 depicts how a blind person can access L2 as noted in the bullet point above.
In so doing, the effect of the via is held to a minimum. In addition, because the signals are routed on L2, the effects of the plating and etching associated with routing on L1 are eliminated. With this methodology, the capacitance of that 4-5 mil long via is trivial and is not apparent when measured. Product developers do have to ensure that there is enough room on L2 to implement this methodology. In addition, here, the through hole vias have been plugged, and the pads are covered with a solder mask. This is our preferred approach in dealing with layer changing vias to prevent cleaning solutions from getting under BGAs.A Few Words about Back Drilling
As noted previously, in backplanes, the only approach to handle layer-changing vias is to do back drilling because all signal layers may contain high-speed nets. With this technique, part of the plating in a through hole is removed. This reduces the parasitic capacitance between the via walls and the planes of the PCB. Back drilling is accomplished with all the standard processes used to manufacture through-hole PCBs. Once the fabrication processes are completed, the PCB is returned to the drilling station. A drill larger than the one used to drill the original hole is used to re-drill the holes where the plating is to be removed. The drill is set to a depth that removes the undesired plating while leaving the desired plating that makes the connections between the traces. While this adds an extra step to the fabricating process, it is not difficult to perform. It is necessary to keep in mind that the drill size needed to remove the unwanted copper will need to be several mils larger than the drill used to form the original hole. Thus, the clearances to the features in the plane and signal layers will need to be larger than when only through holes are drilled.
The benefits of back drilling can be shown through the following. Figure 2 depicts a test probe problem for which we provided consulting services.
Here, the challenge was to get a 3.6 GB/s signal across two very thick PCBs without degrading it due to loss or via reflections. Figure 3 shows the operation of the differential pair without back drilling andAltium Designer
Figure 4 depicts what the waveforms would be if back drilling was done.
As seen from the blue waveform in Figure 3, which is the receiver input, the results are disastrous. Figure 5 shows how the differential pair was used to simulate 36 mil (.762 mm) 250 mils (6.35 nm) long vias.
The full vias have a parasitic capacitance of about 1.3 pF. The simulation was down both with and without back drilling. Figure 6 is the simulated waveforms achieved with back-drilled vias.
Finally, Figure 7 shows the measured waveforms, which was wanted, with the back drilled vias.Altium Designer SoftwareSummary
The degrading signal effects from blind vias can be a significant challenge in designing today’s high bandwidth, high-speed products. This can be readily apparent when using the newer iterations of the PCIe bus standard, particularly when vias in PCIe routing are used to change layers. Some solutions here are back drilling, limiting via counts, sizing vias to have minimum impedance mismatch, and using boomerang vias. Learning how to mitigate these effects as part of the initial product development efforts will go a long way in ensuring that a product will function, right the first time and every time, as designed.
Talk to an Altium expert today to learn more or discover tips regarding the live drill table for the PCB editor with Altium Designer®.References: High Voltage Pcb Design Rules
*Ritchey, Lee W. and Zasio, John J., “Right The First Time, A Practical Handbook on High Speed PCB and System Design,” Volume 2.
*Ritchey, Lee W., Course Slides, “2-Day Signal Integrity and High Speed System Design,” training class.
Register here: http://gg.gg/ox2iz
https://diarynote-jp.indered.space
In our one, two and three-day courses, which we conduct at technical and trade conferences as well as at private on-site classes, we will frequently be asked about particular technology trends and their impact on current designs. Of late, a number of these questions have focused on how the use of PCI Express (also known as PCIe) at higher frequencies impacts signals that change layers through vias. Limits on the number of vias in PCIe generations are well-known, but the effects of stubs and distributed parasitics are more difficult to see and are not often discussed.
*Altium Slots In Pcb
*Altium Designer
*Altium Designer Software
*High Voltage Pcb Design Rules
As part of this process, Altium Designer includes several important design that help ensure your create an error-free PCB design from a schematic. You’ll be able to quickly check your Altium Designer layout against your design rules and constraints, easily define your layer stack, run simulations of your design, and much more. The size of the slots can be indicated in text together with tolerances ( if needed). Indicate only one border in your mechanical layer. If you want a round shaped PCB then we expect a round shaped contour, not a round shaped PCB inside a square box, as this will result in a square shaped PCB Examples. Acceptable contour file indicating slots.
Altium Slots, party poker linkedin, hollywood casino toledo buffet price, free poker timer app-January 29, 2018. Prize pool: 300% up to €1000 + 50 free spins. Show More Casinos. Your Password was changed successfully Gamble Responsibly BeGambleAware.org. Drill slots are officially supported. Most design tools can generate a drill slot by use of a built-in command on the footprint or board layout editor. These slots are represented on your Drill file, rather than an outline. This method is common among the professional-grade tools, notably Altium and ORCAD. I see in you last rules, it is 0.5mm for plated slot, is that correct?Altium designer has slot pads by default, and it generates separated.txt drill file for slots. Is that ok, or I must add slot in mechanical layer, in pad center?Best regards, Neven. Alex:, 04:56:49 AM.
This article will address layer-changing vias, which transpires with them relative to capacitance and how they can be best designed to avoid signal degradation. First, we will describe the various types of vias, the role of vias in PCIe layout, the speeds where layer-changing vias started to cause problems, and the overview of the different kinds of PCIe implementations. Later we will address how to solve the signal degradation issues associated with layer-changing vias. It will also explain how we used back drilling to solve the problem of getting a signal across two very thick PCBs without degrading it from loss or via reflections.First, An OverviewWhat Are Vias?
There are several appurtenant factors to keep in mind about vias relative to the topic of this article. They include:
*Vias are the holes drilled through a PCB that provides electrical access from one layer to another.
*These drilled holes are plated with copper to provide the connections.
*A via has inductance and capacitance along its length, just like a transmission line.
*In theory, there are two kinds of vias, but we usually group them together.
*Vias may be used as component pins (through-hole or surface mount).
*Vias can also be plated through-holes for press-fit connectors (These are much larger than those used for component pins).
*Two of these vias occur for every path—one leaving the daughter card and the other going into the backplane or one leaving a component pin and connecting to another component pin on the same PCB.
*There is a “double whammy” when you have to go through a connector with a via because these vias are large compared to component pin vias.
*There are three kinds of vias—through-hole, blind, and buried vias.
*For this article, we are addressing blind vias.
*Blind vias begin on one side of the PCB but do not pass all the way through.
*The four ways to create blind vias are:
*Control depth drilling.
*Photoimaging.
*Laser drilling.
*Sequential lamination.
*For this article, we are focusing on laser-drilled blind vias.When Did Things Start to Get Dicey?
The design/signal performance challenges associated with blind vias in PCIe routing started to occur once we got to speeds of 10 GB/s. The issue was first presented a few years ago at DesignCon because several product developers experienced many failures. In some cases, the problems described in this article can occur at much lower data rates.
The things to remember about layer-changing vias include:Altium Slots In Pcb
*When the signal travels the length of the via, the via’s capacitance and inductance are distributed along the signal path, i.e., along the neck of the via.
*When the signal travels over only part of the via, the parasitic capacitance that is not included in the path forms a low pass filter that blocks or shunts high frequencies in a given design.
The graphics which illustrate the foregoing are described below. The insertion loss on a transmission line with PCIe signals traversing vias is shown in Figure 1. These loss curves are for two 8” (20 cm) traces with 12 mils (.3 mm) drilled blind vias at each end.
Here, the red loss curve is for an eight-inch trace on L14 of a 16-layer PCB with the signal injected and measured on L1. The blue curve is for a trace on L3 with the signal injected and measured on L1.
The key thing to remember is that as you go up in frequency, the capacitive reactance decreases. There is a localized lowering of the impedance, and energy will reflect off of that lower impedance. And, if there are two of these, the energy will reflect back and forth between the two. This reflection can become so severe that it can result in large amounts of attenuation of the signal. This is shown in Figure 2, which is an equivalent circuit of vias in a transmission line.
Figure 3 shows TDR results for two different blind vias as they change layers. On the left is the TDR result for the trace traveling from L9 to L10 in a 22-layer PCB.
With the signal on the right side, when the signal travels, the via’s parasitic capacitance is spread along its length (the inductance), and the via is negligible. On the left is the TDR result for the trace traveling between L9 to L10 in a 22-layer PCB. Here, the signal travels over only part of the via and the capacitance. That is not included in the path that (part of the via that is hanging down) forms the low pass filter and the frequencies can be blocked along with other similar vias.How Does PCI Express Fit In?
As stated above, during our classes, we have gotten a number of questions regarding how the recent and current generation PCI speeds express standard impact layer changing vias. Below are a few salient points about PCIe.
*The bandwidths double with each generation.
*A PCI connection consists of one or more lanes connected serially. The slots are configured in multiples of four lanes, such as x1, x4, x8, and x 16.
*The number of available PCIe lanes determines the bandwidth of a given slot.
*The number of lanes in a slot does not always match the physical slot length.
*Once the speeds of PCIe got up past 8 GB/s, there was the potential for product developers to encounter the aforementioned issues relative to layer-changing vias.
The various flavors of PCIe include:
*PCIe 1.0
*Lane Data Rate, 2.5 GB/s.
*Gigatransfer, 2.5 GT/s.
*Clock Frequency, 1.25 GHz.
*PCIe, 1.0/x4, x8, x 16.
*PCIe 2.0
*Lane Data Rate, 5 GB/s.
*Gigatransfer, 5 GT/s.
*Clock Frequency, 2.5 GHz.
*PCIe 2.0/4, x8, x 16
*PCIe 3.0
*Lane Data Rate, 8 GB/s.
*Gigatransfer, 8GT/s.
*Clock Frequency, 4 GHz.
*PCI 3.0/x 1, 4, 8, 16
*PCIe 4.0
*Lane Data Rate, 16 GB/s.
*Gigatransfer, 16 GT/s.
*Clock Frequency, 8 GHz.
*PCIe 4.0/x 1, 4, 8, 16
*PCIe 5.0
*Lane Data Rate 32 GB/s.
*Gigatransfer, 32 GT/s.
*Clock Frequency, 16 GHz
To be announced in 2021:
*PCIe 6.0
*Lane Data Rate, 64 GB/s.
*Gigatransfer, 64 GT/s.
*Clock Frequency 32 GHz.
While PCIe is not used very much in backplanes, it is used in almost every server and every super high-performance gaming PC. We are aware of an imaging product under development that has PCIe all over it. It’s a piece of equipment used for the optical inspection of wafers. Even though this product is not a backplane, it will require back drilling just to accommodate all of the PCIe that is incorporated into the product.What’s a PCI Express Boomerang Via?
In PCIe, where there are cards that plug into slots, the standard for those kinds of cards requires a via at every one of the pins. This is true even if you connect on L1. And, if you connect on this layer, you will wind up with a via hanging down. Hence, the term “boomerang via” was coined by Intel. In this configuration, right next to the via that is hooked right next to the connector, a second via is placed. The signal goes all the way to the bottom of the board, crosses over to the via that is part of the connector, and then goes back up. This is how the term “boomerang via” came into play.The Role of PCI Express Going Forward
Overall, the use of PCIe is going gangbusters. This is being forced, in large part, by all the graphic data that is included within 5G. In turn, this is forcing the developers of all the support equipment associated with 5G implementations to increase their bandwidth. This is why we tell developers that if they have not yet encountered the problems associated with high-speed PCIe and layer-changing vias it’s just a matter of time until they do so.
Changing gears, I will now address the fixes to the problems associated with layer changing vias and provide an example of how we resolved the challenge of getting a signal across two very thick PCBs with the use of back drilling.So, What’s the Fix?
The root of the problem associated with layer-changing vias is the parasitic capacitance that occurs when a signal travels over only part of a via. This capacitance forms a low pass filter along with other similar vias. At the speeds and frequencies associated with so many different products being developed for so many different vertical market segments, signals can become blocked.
Minimizing the foregoing via effects includes:
*Making sure the signals travel the whole length of the via by placing the signals on the lower layers of the PCB.
*Beginning and ending the signal on L1 and using no vias.
*Using vias at both ends of the signal when routed on layers near the top of the PCB and back drilling that portion of the via that extends below the trace layer.
*Routing the signal on L2 and entering and exiting the trace using a laser-drilled blind via.
As with most things in life, there are drawbacks to the foregoing approaches. They include:
*It’s only possible to limit signals to the lower layers if the number of signals routed does not exceed what can be put on the lower layers.
*Routing signals on L1 without using vias only works if those signals will fit into the available space. As noted previously, PCB outer layers have the poorest impedance accuracy. Plating the signals with ENIG (electroless nickel immersion gold) results in much higher loss than anticipated because of the nickel’s ferromagnetic properties.
*Back drilling away the unwanted portion of the via that extends below the trace layer requires an extra step in the process, and it also increases cost. Moreover, there is a risk of drilling too deep and breaking the connection to the trace. However, in some instances, as noted below, back drilling is the only way to go.
*Routing the signals on L2 and using blind vias to make the connection yields the best signal quality but requires an extra process step that can also increase the cost.
Figure 1 depicts how a blind person can access L2 as noted in the bullet point above.
In so doing, the effect of the via is held to a minimum. In addition, because the signals are routed on L2, the effects of the plating and etching associated with routing on L1 are eliminated. With this methodology, the capacitance of that 4-5 mil long via is trivial and is not apparent when measured. Product developers do have to ensure that there is enough room on L2 to implement this methodology. In addition, here, the through hole vias have been plugged, and the pads are covered with a solder mask. This is our preferred approach in dealing with layer changing vias to prevent cleaning solutions from getting under BGAs.A Few Words about Back Drilling
As noted previously, in backplanes, the only approach to handle layer-changing vias is to do back drilling because all signal layers may contain high-speed nets. With this technique, part of the plating in a through hole is removed. This reduces the parasitic capacitance between the via walls and the planes of the PCB. Back drilling is accomplished with all the standard processes used to manufacture through-hole PCBs. Once the fabrication processes are completed, the PCB is returned to the drilling station. A drill larger than the one used to drill the original hole is used to re-drill the holes where the plating is to be removed. The drill is set to a depth that removes the undesired plating while leaving the desired plating that makes the connections between the traces. While this adds an extra step to the fabricating process, it is not difficult to perform. It is necessary to keep in mind that the drill size needed to remove the unwanted copper will need to be several mils larger than the drill used to form the original hole. Thus, the clearances to the features in the plane and signal layers will need to be larger than when only through holes are drilled.
The benefits of back drilling can be shown through the following. Figure 2 depicts a test probe problem for which we provided consulting services.
Here, the challenge was to get a 3.6 GB/s signal across two very thick PCBs without degrading it due to loss or via reflections. Figure 3 shows the operation of the differential pair without back drilling andAltium Designer
Figure 4 depicts what the waveforms would be if back drilling was done.
As seen from the blue waveform in Figure 3, which is the receiver input, the results are disastrous. Figure 5 shows how the differential pair was used to simulate 36 mil (.762 mm) 250 mils (6.35 nm) long vias.
The full vias have a parasitic capacitance of about 1.3 pF. The simulation was down both with and without back drilling. Figure 6 is the simulated waveforms achieved with back-drilled vias.
Finally, Figure 7 shows the measured waveforms, which was wanted, with the back drilled vias.Altium Designer SoftwareSummary
The degrading signal effects from blind vias can be a significant challenge in designing today’s high bandwidth, high-speed products. This can be readily apparent when using the newer iterations of the PCIe bus standard, particularly when vias in PCIe routing are used to change layers. Some solutions here are back drilling, limiting via counts, sizing vias to have minimum impedance mismatch, and using boomerang vias. Learning how to mitigate these effects as part of the initial product development efforts will go a long way in ensuring that a product will function, right the first time and every time, as designed.
Talk to an Altium expert today to learn more or discover tips regarding the live drill table for the PCB editor with Altium Designer®.References: High Voltage Pcb Design Rules
*Ritchey, Lee W. and Zasio, John J., “Right The First Time, A Practical Handbook on High Speed PCB and System Design,” Volume 2.
*Ritchey, Lee W., Course Slides, “2-Day Signal Integrity and High Speed System Design,” training class.
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